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(c) Organizations. Chssitied and unclassihed contracts w i t h entities affilinted with academic instltutions may b e undertaken in accordance with HH B 7-2. (d)Individuals. See paragraph b(1Xc) below l o r inlormation concerning contracts with individuals affiliated wlth academic institutions. (U) (c) Humm Experimentation. The CIA shnll not sponsor, contract lor. or conduct research on human subjects except in accordance w i t h guidelines issued by the Department of I - lulth and Human Services (HHS). TIL.:subject's informed consent shall be documented as required by those guidelines. (U) (I) The DCI. through the Agency's H u m a n Subject Research Panel (HSRP). shall evaluate all documentation and certifications pertaining to human research sponsored by, coiitracted for. or conducted by the CIA (including initial and ongoing reviews conducted b y Institutional Review Boards) prepared in compliance w i t h JiIIS guidelines, codified at 45 C.F.R. Section 46. The 1-ISRP shall be composed ol such employees ol the CIA and other experts or consultants as t h e DCI deems appropriate. A representative of OCC shall attend all meetings of the m3IP and shall provide kgal guidancc to the panel. (U) (2) The DCI shall approve. m d i l v . or disaDprove all propowls pertaining to liurnan (3) "Research on human subjects" means a formal iiivestigation, designed to dcvelor, or contribute to generalizable knowledge, the siibiccts of which are persons about whom a scientist conducting research obtains data llirougli intervention or interaction w i t h the person or identifiable private information. Intervention includes both pliyrical procedures by which data are gathered and manipulation ol the subject or the subject's environment that are performed l o r research purposes. Interaction includes communication or interpersonal contact belween the research scientist and the subject. Private information includes inlormation about behavior tliat occurs in a context in which an individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place. and inlormation which has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and which the individual can reasonably expect will not b e made public. Private information must be individually identiliable to fall within this dcfinition. Any questions on the applicability of this provision to Agency activities must be submitted to the Agency HSRP lor resolution in consultation w i t h OCC.(U) (d) I'roliibilion o n Assa&alion. No pcrson employed b y or acting on hhdl o l the U.S. Government shall engage in. or conspire to engage in, assassination. (U) (e) Indirect Farticipalion. The CIA shall not participate in. nor request any person to undertake. activities forbidden by E.O. 12333 or Agency regulations. (U) (C) Special Activilics. All special activities. as defined in Section 3.4(11) of E.O. 12333 shall be conducted in compliance w i t h the requirements d E.O. 12333; Section 662 of
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CIA representatives met with Committee staff on June 16. 1994. Following that meeting, the CIA provided information concerning its search process in response to a staff request. Prior to the meeting, the CIA had provided information on ethics procedures dating from 1976. II. WTORY/ORGAN IZATION 0F THE CENTRAL INTELL IGENCE AGENCY The CIA was created in 1947 under the National Security Act, which also established the Department of Defense (by merging the War and Navy Departments and creating an independent Air Force) and the National Security Council. The agency was largely modelled on the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which served as the principal intelligence organization during World War I1 and engaged in intelligence collection, analysis, and covert actions. The primary motivation for a peacetime civilian intelligence organization, which never before existed in the United States, was to create a centralized mechanism to provide senior policymakers with objective intelligence analysis based on information collected by the military services iind other agencies. The CIA has maintained a significant analytical function, and from ,the beginning it also possessed its own intelligence collection capability -- i.e., espionage. And within a short time, the CIA also began to engage in covert actions to influence events in foreign countries through propaganda, economic, political, and paramilitary means. The head of the CIA is the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI)'; he is also head of the entire intelligence community, which consists,ofthe intelligence services of the military branches, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office, and several others. The CIA is currently divided into four directorates: Operations (DO), created until 1962, and Operations used to be called Plans (DDP). In addition, there are a number of CIA components that come directly under the DCI's control (DCI Area), including the General Counsel, the Inspector General (IG), the Comptroller, the Office of Congressional Affairs, the, National Intelligence Council (which produces National Intelligence Estimates [NIEs]), and the Center for the Study of Intelligence (which includes the CIA Historian). From 1961-65. the DCI was John A. McCone, who had previously been the head of the <$itL Atomic Energy Commission.
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In the 1950s and 60s, the CIA engaged in an extensive program of human experimentation, using drugs, psychological, and other means, in search of techniques to control human behavior. The possibility that CIA itself engaged in human radiation experiments emanates from references in a 1963 CIA Inspector General's (IG) report on Project MKULTRA, which was a program "concerned with research and development of chemical, biological, and radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine operations to control human behavior." The IG report apparently quotes from MKULTRA implementing documents that "additional avenues to the control of human behavior" were to include "radiation, electroshock, various fields of psychology, sociology. and anthropology, graphology, harassment substances, and paramilitary devices and materials."' The CIA states that it conducted human experimentation using every listed "avenue" except radiation. The agency states that after an extensive search, it has found no records of any kind indicating that the agency used or even explored the possibility of ionizing radiation on human3 (They did find a reference to an experiment involving the use of irradiated LSD on labpatory animals for purposes of tracing the drug.) MKULTRA was motivated by perceived Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind control techniques. The CIA'S human behavior program originated in 1950 under the name BLUEBIRD and under the control of the Office of Security. Foi the next two years, control interchanged with the Office of Scientific Intelligence, and the name changed to ARTICHOKE. MKULTRA formally began in April 1953 as a special, clandestine funding mechanism for all human behavior research. It was run by the Technical Services Division (TSD) in the DDP, for potential use in espionage and covert action. It was the subject of investigations by the Rockefeller Commission in 1975, the Senate Church Committee in 1976, and hearings by Senator Kennedy in 1975 and 1977. Among the many known experiments, the most well-known were the LSD testing and brainwashing. The IG report itself is still classified. This language was referenced in the investigative reports of the Rockefeller Commission and the Senate Church Committee. Sue Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Governmental The CIA did investigate the use and effect of microwaves on humans in response to a Soviet practice of beaming microwaves on the U.S. embassy. The agency determined that this was outside the scope of the Advisory Committee's purview.