Distribution of Fall-Out from Mike Shot Project 5.4A Operation Ivy (Nature, April 1953)

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A8 first oonooived, the plan aalled for the wo of l raft raft was in be large lnoughte support thoinrtrumentatlon a working platform for personnol lQtar the : the water. Beaause of tho laak of support the plaaoment of suoh stations, the plans were modified to provide for a float smaller than a raft and em rhiah oould bo pladod over the aidoin a minimum of time without the use of a arane or spoolal rigging. Operationally this plan presented another advantage beaause the number of oolleation station whiah could be placed depended almQst entirely on the number and aneed of the ships avallable rather than on space and weight limitatiqnrrimposed by the float. The freefloating stations employed were standard Navy type 3 Dan buoys. The busy weighed less than 75 lb when aompletely assembled with devfaor. The reserve buoyancy identification and collection of the float was about

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Report, April 17, 1957, USlRDL, SA, Cdii., Provide oorrolatlonpoints for aerial and oooanographla survey8 at large dlatanaor from ground 88~0 by mearur8mont of the rate of penetration of aativlty In the ooe8n, variation of aatlvlty with depth, and time varlatlon of the gamma radiation field above the Varlour rater-reunpling measurements were tnado to make # doaay t8nk8/ monitoring deviser, a glvan time @r with tlme at a glvon depth. It was raised and lowe’red both durlng and after fallout f’rom an outrlggar projeotlng 25 feet over the bow of the ship by mean8 of a reaorded on an X-Y reaorder laaatrd in the 8hlp.

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The deoag tank uaa 6 ft La dlamoter and 6-314 ft doop and oontainod a multiplo0-N tuba ronring llomont. Tha tank warnfilled with uoa water treated with nitrio aotd to retard plating out of the radloaotlvlty on tlm wallr. The raton was rtirsod oontinuourlt bg a rotor looatod at the bettan of the tank,4 The monitoring dov%oa (N’YO-Y) oontained a plastlo phoaphor renrrlng llanen$for measuring the variation of tpe gamma radiation field above the surface of the oooan. This instrument uaa mounted In A fixad position of the end of the 25 it bow outrlgger at approximately 20 it above the watpr surfaoo. During the peridd of Callout the am8or was pro rctede Surfaoe water samples were taken with a buokot (6 gal) and hand Uno, Half gallon smplor were retained for

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In addition d to the shipboard Inrtruxueritatfon, minor arragr of equipment zero plaaed on raQt and skiff stationa. Rafts were anohored inrido Biklnl Lagoon. From 13 to 17 skiffs were deep-moored la the upon oooan near the atsll. These stations were instmamented wlth badge doaimoterr. The time-of-arrival deteotorr oonslsted of laalsatlon-ohamber radiation deteootrr, whleh triggored an 80day ahronometrio olook. This inrtrument was designed to give the time of arrival ot fallout by subtraotion of the olook reading from the time at oolleotion referenoed to detonation time.

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CONTROL PANEL FOR SPECIAL END WINDOW GAMMA COUNTER WELL GAYYA COUNTER 20 CHANNEL ANALYZERANO ACCESSORIES 411 ION CHAMBER AND ACCESSORIES CASTLE FOR SAYPLE STORAOE \ ELEVATOR FROM SIC

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FOUNDATION fOl BOTTLE BASE BOARD SKtFF STATIONS POLYETHYLENE TUBING (AOC2 1 1..

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One of the goneral objootlror of thlr projoot wad to meamre the oomplex gamma tIold at s number of positions rlthln 10,000 yard8 of eaoh of two underrater detonationa. The total gamma field was measured by means of f0Z?Il8 looated within a radius of 10,000 yards from surface ZwI-00 Surface water aotlvity wa8 measured both by deteotore mounted above thm aurfaoo and also by similar detOctoP8 lowered into the water M&r pa88age of the underwater shook wave8. Gammadare wa8 measured llro by film desimeterr. Two diftorant Eypor of floating fllm paok rLationr were lmpleyod to mearuro su$faoe wa ter activity. Sealed )&ok68 of film dO8imetOr8 were attaahed to 3 ft rquare I floats which were either fli)atIng with the aontamlnated water8, uslag a drogue to oontrol it8 drif’t rate, or whloh were anchored to the bottom, remalnlng in a fixed position during pa88qga of the oontaminatsd raterr.

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Ref. L.B. Egoberg, Taut-WlroMooring for Open Oooan Taut-mire moorUg wore doirngod and plaood to hold f,natnxmgnt buoys for the doop underrater dotonatlon,Shot Wahoo, of Oporat%on HARIZACL The rater daptha varied frwa 300 to 1000 fathiwnaand the Mjority of the 8tatiOn8 were Eaoh mooring oonslated sf a lSOO-lb anohor cronneatted by a S/&2-W, 1 x 19 galvanlced8teel oable to a 36 to 41 in. diameter buoy 150 ft below the 8urf'aoo. A floated 7116 in diameter aylon pennant 300 it long oonnsated thir buoy to th@ suriaoe lnrtrument buoy. dotenation. The oaU80 for those failure8 uoro tonsion broak8 at the lower and cifthe Oabler. The 8IWVlVal of the wire alto ohosen, though marginal, would have been ertatisfaotory for open 8ea oo?dltlons alone. For the oombined ma and detonation oonditlonathat did prowail, an inoroaro to * %n diameter oable for stationr within 8000 it of aurfsco sero probably would have boon auftioient to maintain all Although the placement of there mooring8 and co~aoler

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laohoring throw and clyrtomo$ p~aoemeat oould make poaaiblo rtationr. The rlmp2lolty and the ~aooamt and maintanmoe within the oapability oi oven lightnor of the (Ioar arlmr of ruoh an oooan rtation roll the rmallost oooanographio

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Bottom detecting device (optional) 5/32”, 1 x 19 air cord, galv 3/16”, 1 x 19 air cord, galv bridle lo*, 3/16”, 1 x 19 air cord, galv

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NET REACTION OF ANCHOR (LIS) Figure 2.14 Comparison of float excursion , and net reactio’n of anchor on the bottom as a function of subsurface float size &-inch

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Ref. Y.Y. rtgtror, .t al, Slpboard hdlation tcom Underuator One of the rpooflo objeotivar of thir proJo& was to estimate thr gamma radlatlon floldr In the water adjaoent I The gaxna radiatfon dose rates and doson In and about the target destroyers were measured by mean8 of gamma-IntensItgtime reaordara (OITRt8) developed at USNRDL. The 8&Ble instrument WRY usad in several difforont byper of installations. meant to bo 8ubmerged aftor the pa88age of the underwater rhook waV.8. The Instrument container was rubmerged ly to a depth of 11 feet by mean8 of a wlnoh-release-and-brtakZng mechanirm aotlvated by a deleyed relay closure from the QITR starting olrouit. The who&8 GITR unit, oonaistlng of a detootor ohamber and a rooording unit, was firmly padded with expanded polystyrene and plaoed Into the Instrument oontainer. (see attaohed figure)

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0 SMELDtD STATION, DIRECTIDN OF VIEW A UNSWIELDED STATION DN DOSSP ONLY l OCW UNIT 011 ODIW ONLY

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logiaal Bfioatr iram Underrater blualoarExplerionr Thlrteon lO,OOO-piund,unoarod rhpsriaal aharger of HBX-1 wewe fired underwater at HYDRAfIA to lnveetlgate the radlologioal effeeta from underwater nuolear explosion8 ualng high exploslvs oharges as models. Varlour tgpea of lnatrumentation were used to obtain 8uoh lnformatlbn as diatributibns, and hydrodynamlcrilow near ths explorion a Wavy YC Barge, and eight raft rtatlen8. 'Phe8. 8tatiOn8 wore nraored In rator depth8 ranging fx-om40 to 160 fathOm8. fkoause of the water depth and the rooky sloping loa floor at the barge location, the wblght, rather than the_ dynamic holding power, of the ground taokle wa8 utilltod to hold the b-g08 ln )oritlon. The arrange ment of the ground tackle 18 shown In the auoompanging figure. Instead of the ]?@g-t@)buoy8 rhom in the figure, 1Wt dlamoter tolophene buoy8 were u8ad. The additional buoganoy provldsd by the of ohaln required by the deeper water,

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The mooring8 for the raft rta.tlono oonrlrtod of e&)()-lb Navy stooklosr anohorr oonnooted to a length of h tnoh oablo equallto the depth of the water and held up by a 36 bnoh diameter buoy. The short soepe of the uablo rertrlotod the exourslon of the raft about tho lnohor. The raft station8 were fastened to t he buoy8 with a S/8 in. A rpeoial ohm-go support ryrtom and aooompanying tackle were designed and used to pull the obarge In its suspension to the proper depth. A olu#p was constructed from a 4000-lb mushroom anchor. Though the clump weight was enough to oounteract the vertloal forue of the bow&au% aable, an additional, 25000lb stecklese anchor was plaoed opposite the barge from the clump to counteract the horizontal The charge support itrelf erona%atedof three skg rpherioal buoys formed into an equilateral triangle separated by plpa apreaderu. ti oharge rests on a padded ring at the oenter of the support. Ita oenter of gravity was about 24 inclss above the oenterllne of the aupport. me underwater radloaotlvity measurstients were made uring specially derigned sointillation deteotorr. One was fixed at Bi depth of 6 feet, and the other, a variable depth meter, was attaohed to 8 motoriced ret01and oable. A 8urv.y

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vomol, LO& uaa ursd to Wan&port thlr equlpwnt, A gas grglm generator provldod power ior the opemtioa or all eloatr! oal and eleotronio rquipment. Other radiation detootorr were mounted on rafts and the bargo rtatlon. Floating oebler rerveb aa the powor and ‘L& hydmdynamla flow of rator around the point of detomtlon ma8 followed through the ~80 of dy@8 in the water. fdent ifiable. It 188 known that about 2 gram8 of dye per pound of explosive4 is required for adequate m&king of the coikmn. To oolor a proportional volume of w#ter, the walght of dye was soalad dlreotly with the oharge weight. %Ufi brlttlo enough to #hatter when rtruck by the crhook wBVO#, !Ch. Oarboy WOP@ p1ao.Q at depths of 50 it or more, ruspended

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Radlolegioal Effootr from an A8ROC Dollrerod w@a?on, Projeat 2.1, Operation Jhulnlo, POIR-8004, Ml4 June 63, at a limited number ef rtatlons. In addition, rater samples were collootod for ~80 in the radloohemioal yield deterThe station array for this projeat oon8i8tOd of eight Coracle 8tatiOn8. The ooracle stations were assemble& in a alngle line (with the rest of the teat array) and towed in an upwind dire&Ion 8t a rpeed Just suffioiont for the towing ~08801 to maintain stoeragoway. All coraoleo wore scoured to the lowline by a short pendant, to allow their removal or addltlbn to the line ti without breaking its uont inui ty. Prior to bur8t time, the downulnd atrlng of five coraole,s were out free from the rest of the tow, The 3,000 ft of line was an offeotivedrogue to aonflne drift rate to the velocity of the ourrant, The remaining three stations proceededupwind with the matn towline at minimum apeed. The water aampler were oollected by the project veaael. The USS Slow waa modified by burhlng a hole in the skin of the ship 5 feet below the water-line in the sha#t alleg.and installing a g$ inoh valve and plastfc piping. With this

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T.B. 8hlrrsawa, Early Dlmonrlonr and Intenrrlty of the Radloaotlve Pool Rosultlng E~MU Shot Sword Flrh, Oallf., Oonf tdont lrl. The radioaotive pool resulting f’rom the underrater dotonatlon ua8 followed for approximately 24 hrs. Contaot with the pool was maintained on the basis of gamma radiation projeat ve8801, carrying various type8 of gamma deteotors, traversed the areas of intsrost oontlnuOU8ly. Measurement8 zero taken both from porltions above the rurfaoa of the pool, and also underwater. 8 tandard USNRDLgamma-tharx intenalty- tlmo reoorders were lnoaaed $13 rater-tight housings for their ~80 underwater. One deteotor remained at e fixed depth throughout all maneuver8 of the voasol, while another was used intermittently to make depth soundinga. The deep probe meohanLsm permitted the lowering of the deteotor to a depth of approximately 500 ft. A electrically operated oable winch was used with the depth probe. similar dotootors were used ln pO8itlOn8 above tho water to take oorrelatlve measurements. The detectors above water wem alao oomparod with rrtandardNavy Radlaos.

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the depth of radloaotlolty penetration with tho depth of the with the doop probinga. !Em horlrontal leoatlonr of the maasurementr wore l8tablirhed through the looatlon or the v088@1. Both the The vertioal polritions of the underrater measuromentr zero determined by prescrure tran8duoarr. me prO88Ure tranrduoerr wore looatod within the wator-tight h0u8iug8 deslgnod for tho doteotorr. During tho operational aotlolties at roa, a transportalnor tied down l n the aft dook rorvod a8 the projmt oontrol oontor. All rooording ryrtom8 and virual road-out telephone oonneotlons were lstabltrhed with tha pilot hour0 80 that radiation reading8 oould be aoordinatod with-

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Sheave andcable Used For the Fixed Underwater Motorized Cable Winch Used for the Deep Probe