Damage Survey and Analysis of Structures (Operation Greenhouse)

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This document consists of 116 pages No. 150 of 230 c+ies. Sir LCS A Its transmittal or the disclosure 0; itr person is prohihrted.

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the damage and blast loadIn{ on (weration Greenhouse Army Test Structure 3.111 and to eUrvey the damage dons to Greenhouse Structure 3.1.3 and other miscellaneous structures. These strut-lures, located on the 5mwetck Atoll, were expcsed to the effects of the two atomic burst8 (Mike ard King) of 0perat:on Ivy in the late Iall ol 1932. A damage survey was conducted w &9!33 to obtain data upon which lo base a correlation of the damage Incurred wrth the meaeured a&-blast cvcrpressurrs caused by the two shots. The damage ia.15~4 *: Strurrure 3.1.1 by shot Mike was comparabte to that caused by shot Eary of Operation Greenhouse. It la probable that no damage occurred to Structure 3.1.1 from ehot King. Only the fi.zt permanent d8flecttons were recorded of Stt:r:ture 3.1.t for shot Mike. The iack 01 transtent rcsmnse records for thm shoe increased the alkr~i’ulty of correlatmg the Analyses viere pericrmed on Building8 2 and 3 of Stitructure 3.1.1.,The effect 01 va:ying &em of Buildmgs 2 and 3 were obtainedby correlation d the rcW88Uiq ovzrpreasure wtth the a8 fotlown: The led: QWL::, of bultd. *“gs 1 and 7 aUblam8d oniy slight ;<d~llo~l damage due to Buklaing 6 received no apparent addttional timage. The -cr,irc,e Ir-rrrs n! R*ni+ngs 3 and 5. d blast. The tinear ~1:s of Birilding 4 were undamaged. However, large cracks were opened in the roof slabs adf;c+nt to the shear wall8 and roof girdere. The overpressure was approxi2. Structure 3.i.3 sUffered no major structural damage. The Liast dr :rs were removed prier to the test. The wood-frame air lock. which was left in place, wa!. destroyed by the air blast. The ?aittSd surface of the vent pipe wa8 ckpred on the side facing tiround Zeru “.: gage overrressure was aoproxlmztely 1% psi. 3. All reruforced-concrete tiemtburtea mstrunientatinn s:ieltere auncared to have per4. Of the many one story rctnforced-concrete surface and semibaried structures ob- *erred, none were b&iv damaged. The only serioue structural iallures observed were conIined to wing wniis designed to retain portions of the fill on the semtburied structures. Exposed

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steel beams and ptpfs attached to these structures were damaged and destroyed by overpressure8 of 11 psi and greater. 5. Small butldlcgs covered with thin sheet metal over diagonal wood sheathlng generally wtthetood overpressures up to 5 and 6 pst. However, one structure of this type was observed badly damaged by an ovcrpressure of 4.5 psi. 6. Lightly constructed wood-trame shacks apparently sheathed with corrugated metal and located in regions ~11th overpressures great;r than 4 PSI were completely destroyed. No strxtures of this type were ohservcd m rrglons subjected to less than 4 psi overpressure. 7. Palm trees were destroyed hf air-blast overpressures of 4 to 5 psi and greater, but none were destroyed by overprrssures less than 4 psi. SECRET - RESTRICTED DATA

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CHAPTER 2 DAMAGE WRVEY AND ANALYZS OF BTRUCTURE 3.1.1 2.2.4 General Gbeentiona and Photographs .... 2.5.6 Results of Ansiysis .......

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C.2.4 Potential Energy of External Load C.S.4 Potential Energy oi External Load SECRET - RESTRICTED DATA

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CHAPTER 2 DAMAGE SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF STRUCTL’RE 3.1.1 2.5 RooI Plan of Building 4 Showing Extent cf Damage . 2.6 Pretest, Front of Bu:!dmg 1..... 2.7 Pretest, End 01 Bullding 1...... 2.8 Pretest, Rear of Butlding 1..... 2.9 Pocttest, Front ot Structure 3.1.1 .... 2.10 Posttest, Rear 01 Structure 3.1.1 .... 2.11 Pretest, Front of building 2..... 2.12 Pretest. Rear 01 Building 2..... 2.13 Posttest, Front of Bufldings 1, 2, ari 3 . . . 2.14 Posttest, Rear 01 Uulldlng 2..... 2.16 Pretest, Rear of Buildlng 3..... 2.17 Pretest, Front of Building 4..... 2.18 Pretest, Buildlng 4, Interior View of Roof Crack Adjacent to Shear Wall on Building 3 Side .......... 2.21 Pretest, BuliC!ng 4, Interior View of Roof Crack Adjacent to Shear Wall 2.24 Postttst, Builo:ng 4, Interior View of Roof Crack Adjacent IO Column Ltne on Buildlrg 3 Side .,......,. 2.27 Pretest, Front sf Building 5.....,.1 2.28 Pretest, Ria~ oi building 5.....,.. 2.31 Posttest, Close-+ of Column Baec ln Build@ 5 Showing Typical 2.32 Pretest, Front si bulldirg 6........ 2.34 Postteat, Ge:.crrl View tif Rear 01 Buildlnga 4, 5, 6, and 7 , . 2.35 Pretest, Fro:.: of B~llding 7........ 2.36 Pretest, Rear of butiatng 7....... 2.37 Pretest, Eod of Building 7........, 2.38 Posttest, End of Building 7,...... 2.40 Trsnsverse Section Through Frame d Bui!dlng 2.... SECRET - RESTRICTED DATA

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Overpressure VII Time .......... 2.50 Positive-phase Guratlon Va Distance from Ground Zero, Xike Shot . . 2.54 Comparfeon of Computed and Recorded Response of First Story n! 9_i!:ing 2.55 Comparlson of Computed and Recorded Response of Second Story of 2.51 :‘om~riron of Computed and Recorded Response of Third Story of 2.57 Pin& Deflection Vs Overpressure for First Story of Building 2, Mike Shot, Operation Ivy ,....,..... 2.58 FInal Deflection Vs Gverpressure Ior Second Story of Building 2, Mike 2.59 Final DeflecUnnVe Overpressure for Third Story of Building 2, Mike Shct, CIIAPTER 3 DAMAGE SURVEY OF MISCELLANLOUS STRUCTURES 3.4 Pretest, Station 300 on AIicc .,... 3.5 Pretest, Station 390 on AlIce ..... 3.7 Porttest, 8tatioa 390 on Atlce ,.... 3.8 Porttest, StatIon 300 on Alice ..... 3.9 Poetteet, Station 3M on Alice ..... 3.10 Posttest, Staticn 300 on Ailce ..... 3.11 Posttest, Station 3X 0., Alice ,.... 3.12 Poatteet, Damaged Wtng ivali ot &at1011 300 on Alice. 3.15 Getera Detalle, Statton 520 on Clara . . . 3.18 Pretest, StatIon 420 on Clara ..,. 3.13 Posttest, Statlon 520 on Clara ...,. 3.20 ?oattest, Statlon 520 on Clara ..... 3.21 Poatteet, Station 520 on Clara ..... 3.22 Pssttoet, Station 520 on Clara ..... 3.23 Postteet, Station 520 on Clara ..... 3.25 General Detalle, Station 290 on Irene. . . 3.27 Pretest, StatIon 200 on Irene .....

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3.28 Pretest, haboo 200 on Irene . 3.28 Posttest, Sta~lon 200 on Irene 3.30 Posttest, S!atlon 200 oii Irene . 3.31 Poettest, StJthon 200 on Ir ne . 3.32 Porttest, Stzi!!w 200 on Irene . 3.33 Posttest, S:L;:on 230 on Irene . 3.34 Posttest, Scation 200 on Irene . 3.35 Postte>t, Xatlon 200 un Irene . 3.37 Fcsttest, C:lrdctuie 1.1.3 on Janet 3.3M Pcstteft, Structure 3.1.3 on Janet 3.39 Postteat, Structure 3.1.3 on Janet 3.41 Posttest. Xast Wall on Jarlet .,,.... 3.42 Pos!tM. Bias: Wall on Janet ....... 3.44 General Dc;;irls of Typical Timing Shack ..... 3.45 Paa::e ;t. Site ot Ughtly Constructed Timing Shack on Kate . 3.46 Posttest. Generalnr of Kate Blown 70 Ft [roan Sltc of aming tick . 3.47 Posttest, k.:.:rGimenta,lon mlone on Kate ...... 3.48 Porttest i!;irllr.. tabon Pylons oil Kate ..,,. 3.51 Posttest, Tt‘.c:mal Station on Sand Bar Between Lucy and Mary . 3.63 Posttest. Rca+y Concrete Structure Located About Middle of Yvonze 3.65 General LM~ils, Station 252 u?. Yronne 3.66 Posttrsl, Station 232 on Yvonne . . 3.67 Gnerai Deulls, S+atron 605 on Yvonne 3.6Q Posttest, Si?twn 605 on East Stde of Yvor. 3.73 Posttest, Telephone Statlon on Yvonne 3.75 General Deai!s, Sratkon 307 on Yvonne 3.75 Posttes:, Ltion 307 on Yvonne . . 3.77 General -&~&Is, SQtioa 804 on Bruce SECRET - RESTRICTED DATA

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3.76 Station 604 on Bruce ....., 3.79 Pretert, Camera Tower on North End of Bruce 3.80 Porttert. Camera. Tower on N’orth End of Bruce 5.81 Portteat, Crmera Tower on North End of Bruce 3.87 Gtrtlon 804 on Mack ...... 3.89 Porttest, Station 806 on bfack .... APPENDIX E DAMAGE-BURVEY DATA FOR STRUCTURE 3.1.1 8.1 bcotlon of Columns in Buildtngs 2, 3, 5, and 6. . . APPENDIX C EQUATIONS OF MOTION APPENDIX D SFRUCFORAL PROPERTIES DA Column-capacity Interaction Curve for IO WF 45 Third-stcry Cxtertor D.7 Girder Moment-of-Inertia Valves for Buildirg 2.....

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D.19 Girder Moment-of-tncrh Valuer lo; Bullding 5..... U.20 Joint RotatIonafor Glrderc of Buddmg 3,...... blaaa of Dulldlq 2.......... P.2 Plan Vluw of Blart Wall ........ CHAPTER 2 DAMAGE SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF Sl-RL’CTURE 2.1.1 2.4 Computea yarnurn Relrtlvt Deflections, SM Mlie. Operation Ivy, CXIAX’TER 3 DAMAGE SURVEY OF XLWiLLANEOVS SIRUCTURES

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The purpoee of thli report ts tci (1) record and lnterprct the results of the damage reeulting from shota King ;Incl Mike 01 0peratton Ivy at Enlwetok on a number of mlscel!hrc,our structures Incluct!:w. tne Greenhouse Army Test Structure 3.1.1 and (2) !c preen! a dyvmmic analysts of S!.x :lil;e 9.1.1 to determlnc the probable loadmg and establish correiatton wtth mcaaured blaer r;rraaures In the region near Structure 3.1.1. A general damage survey of all structures of interest at Enlwetok was mzde ;.I August 1953 by T. 0. Stark of (Cc Office ci the Chlef of Engtneers and John S. Archer of the :idssachusetrs Instltu:e of T&x&o=&&_ Exce.pta from a letter report on this field trip wrrtteti by stark are fnctuded as Apper<u A of :h!s report. Appendix B for Slructvre 3.1.1 and tn Chp. 3 for all other structures. tnteutloa of correinrt,% ovvrpreasures with observed structurai damage. PiuXogr:;hlc evidence of the darn+ *As cbtalnd whenever possible, and detailed measuremexs were ma& Csi the damage where ac ~~Lyels of the structural behavior appeared practlxl. stte were coostructti for the support of Operation Ivy. Structures 3.1.1 and 5.?.Y ..tre ~LJIpleted tn 1951 DI test ctructurer uoder the sponsorship of the Office of the Chief o: i*‘~-,in~ere, ture S.l.1 wae subjected to a peak reflected air-blast overpresfiure of about 30 pai as a re&t of shot Zasy, the atructureo test shot. Followmg an eatenslve damage surve* the struc:crc was paa’s subjected ta an air blast from snot U?m but Iroan a dtiierent dir .ct!or.. A less BXr;rch that the air blaet caused leas damage than shot Easy (2 ihe frames L! tCie ?e;t atructurc the Chief of Engineers Ior Operation Ivy but was not approved on the basis that thrb operation

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was prfmarlly a weapons development test. As a result only two electromc pressure gages were mounted on Structure 3.1.1. A program of trwsient rksplr:ement instrumentat~cn would have materially assisted in coxeiatmg the analysis w!th the measured results. Prior to Operation Ivy In the fail oi 1952, a . epresentatI;z of the OfOce of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Yl.%tedthe site and supervfsed extensive phorography 01 Structure 3.1.1 as well as other strxtures of interest. Fo!Ioarlng the compleUon VI Operalion Ivy the damage survey by S&arkazd Archer was undertaken.

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DAMAGE SURVEY AND ANALWS OF STRUCTURE 3.1.1 Structure X1.1, the Green.L.ocrec Army Test Buldtng, was the only structure exnmtned at the alte of Gperatfon Ivy which had teen constructed for the exclustve purpose of measurmg the effect of rlr blast from nuclear weapons on surface structuree. This structure hap1 & to be located at a range from Ground Zero of uhot M&e* of Gperatlon Ivy such that the dan~gc caused by the air blart was wltnu hnite suitable for a dynamic analysis. In addrtlon, complete ptans were availnde for :’ e structure. and damage survey notes Y ere rvaitabble for the previous nuclear ehots which had damaged the structure. The magr&Ae of tne air-h!ast wave for ahot MJke of Operation Ivy at the location of Structurt 3.1.1 wan not known ;ollablp, alt!nugh a number of neaauremente of air-blasr overprereureu were made at various dmsancee from Ground Zero.* Therefore an estimate of the actual a:r-blast pressure at Structure 3.1.1 can &et be cObtamed by ayndmlc anaJynes of and the response in computed uamg methodn of analysis which have been developed.‘*r-’ A comparlaon of the computed reopotue for the ~rrioue ae.su.ned Ieve;., of :.Ii-tlast overpressure The field survey meaauremcnts and photcgraphe of Structure 3.t.l are presented in Sec. grammatically tn Fig. 2.l, Stnce no bench mark.9 or ftxed Wints were available uoon which to base the mrasuremcnts, only reiatl e horizontal and vlrtlcal displacements of the structure The pre-Ivy conditioa of S:ructure 31.1 was determtned from znrvey notes and pb-&graphs made t!y a representative of the Office of t:.z Chief of Zngtaeeta tn thQ fall o! 1952. A Crecrtption of the post-ivy Wage survtr uld rcrrul!e is presented in the foJlowL?q *Shot King of_Operrtion Ivy produced air blast overpressures at Structure 3.1.1 of such a low magnitude tkt no meatirable damage occuved from this shot. SECRET - RESTRICTED DATA

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The exterior-wall-offset measurements were made by establishing tines of sight approximately parallel with the walls of Structure X1.1, using a surveyor’s transit. Each Ime of sight deftned a vertical plane located about 1 f! from the face of a wall. Offset measurements were mrde perpendicular from each vertJca1 plane to the sur\ey pomte located tn the walls (Fig. 2.2). The location of the survey points ts shown in Fig. 2.3. The posttion of each pomt relailve to a verttcal plane through the base pomt wi 1 then determined ‘Jy the dIf.erence In the offsel Average horuontel dleplaccment Columr-offset distance6 to the two polnt6. C!.xngaa in the relative poslttons of the survey potnta sere C?~GUIM complete data are cantatned In Sec. 8.1. The column-offset neaeuremente lo: Butldirgs 2. 3, 5. and 6 were inA& by JargJng a plumb kb from the ceiltng in each story adjacent to the trint or rear of :he LO!UL~*~~ on tint floor. Hortzontal-offset measureme,lts were made from rhe !.!umb lioe to the to;, sod bottom of the a&acent face of each coiumn (F&g. 2.4). The relative permanent distortion of each ‘.’Ii* umn in a horrzontat direction was determmed from the dtfference of the offsets at the top and bottom of the column The column deformatton thus obtained is approrimately the total her!- eontal deformatron of tho frame of the structure caused by all the blast tests perfo:med In the

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vicinity of Structure X1.1. Thus …