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clerived from the considerations in t h e mom a.&juztivs docufilont , ENGIlEEE DISTRICT" and ths subsidiary nsnorcnda atttached to tho latter, Both of these docmnentw vere orepared by Vialdo E,Coh,n member of the Radioisotope Committee of Clinton hb orator les, at -the direction of the Laboratories e mess ly for the study of tho nroblem of: sadioisotoDo production and diet rik tion and includes *those indix'iduals vho are 5.n direct charge of the experimental pro dac th ~of' radiolsc~comsst
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(1) Since radioisotopes are produced a t present only on an emfvrfmentar basis by research and develoanent groups within the Pro jed, and since suitable facilities for routine production or f o r modaction In other than epecffied forms m e not yet nvail8ble, we recommend that radioiaotopes be understood t o be available only inthe amounts and forms and atthe times specified by th@v duc ing laboratory, andl that this laboratory be regarded as the final authority relative to availability and as to what materials may be emsed in the niles, Since the same groups and individuals within the Projoet who are able t o produce radioisotopes i n forms suitable for genemf dfstribution ape also tho88 in whose hands l i o s @herssnonsibklity for expansion and development of radioisotope moduction within the Project, we recommend that no comnitmonts be undsrtakon with r o g d t o bsemnt maduction that mill hinder o r obstruct their arogress h~ the dhection noted and that they be recognized BB t h e authorities relative to the balance of supuIyp demand and ur~ress, Since radioisotopes are a t this time urimarily of value in sci ents ic research, which is in t h e public welfare, and since the Project and its personnel have a definite interest in momoting such research and have a debt t o it, we recommend that radioisotopes Droduced by the Project be distributed preferentially t o research workers mho will make generally known and available the results of t h e research bution t o be at a nominal cost or out of' pocket cost, if such c8n be ( 4 ) Since industrial o r commeruhl use of radioisotopes, other than that resulting in pubfishable researcAs is less i n t h e mblic interest than research use and since it benefits the mer over his competitors and over all others, me recommend that distribution of radioisotopes t o an industry or commercial concern f o r non-publishable work be limited t o those materials of which there is a surplus after a l l research needs are filled and further arranged so as to suwly all com~etingorganihce widespread use and applioation of radialsotoms in ocience will benefit the rnablfc welfare and since it is t h e stated aim of this distribution program t o aid and assist such use and amlPcatfon, we recommend t h a t the distribution of related and necessary information which will further this aim, such as radiochemical tecWq ~ e s ,instrumentation and health protection measures, b8 regarded as ala kdegral part of the distributfon TWO@EUP, and that this be marsued by a U means available, hcluding consultation with and t h e training of scientific personnel mrticipating in the use of radioisotopes,
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Since there are hazards t o the health and safety of bd ivf dual s and the public i n the handling,, use and disposal of radioisotopes, we recommend that radioisotopes be made available only t o those hdi - viduals who oan satisfy reasonable requirements as t o knowledge a d equiment for circumventing these hazards and t h a t such distribution be made onlythrough and with the knowledge of the institution of which the recipient is a member, said hst it ut Lon having accepted all moral and legal. rem on sibi lit p relating t o the use and diem sal of the material by the recipient, und that secondary distribution by the recipient of amounts above thoso explicitly authorized be forbidden, Since the legal responsibilities relating to the use of an7 e x p d - . mental material in humans a r e even more stringent than those relating t o other uae, we recommend that distribution of radioisotoms f o r use i n humanso whether experimental, diagnostic, therapeutic OT whatever, be made only aftsr aDtroval~bycompetent medical advisors and only t o doctors of medicine associated w i t h recognized medical institutions. $ince duplication of e f f o r t may be costly in terms of v&mbfe material, we recommend that steps (which may include discussion of t h e relative competence of parallel. investigators, the release o f infomation relating to prior work otr the same phenomena done on tho Project, etc,) be takem t o avoid such duplication, Since priorities may have t o be assessed, we recommend; (a) that the nrhcfple of meximum benefit, i n the wey of scientific result, with minimum material be adopted; that, t o further the above principlep fundmental research In t h e basic physical and life sciences be given pseference over all. sther uses, including t h e anplied sciences of mrdicfne and engineering; that o to enoourage the develo’pmsnt of the understanding of, the developpent of methods for, and the e bil it y to use, radioiso-topes, a certab m fn bum mount of each available radiofsotobe be made aveilable to any investigator or tescher dc sir hg tu use the meterial for these ends, end further, t h a t Chis amount bs the minimum response t o any qua2di”iod request; ( d ) that needs for continuing supnlies of material f o r extendea research uroblems be recognized where possible; (e) that, when circumstances of supoly make necessary a choice among investigators of similar phenomena,, the cholce be made on the basis of ability t o use the material most effectively9 this t o be judged by competent and immrtial authorities, with t h e results of such judgement being communicated t o all interested narties,
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(Suggested Personnel Are Listed i n Part IVl) To effect the above policy and t o solicit widespread support and underatandkg of it, the foU.owlng organization is reoommended, This committee is t o advise the !danhttan Engineer District on matters of broad policy (see Part I) and t o gain fer the Dlstriut a general understanding and acceptance by the public o f the adopted policies. It8 members should be representative of the aeveral major divisims of pure and applied soience that are interested I n radioisotopes rather than of specific working groups, laboratories o r arganfsationa; equitable and midesnread geographk representation should likewise be sought, We recommend t h a t the President of the National Academy of Science be requested t o nominate for Manhattan Engineer District appointment such a committee, This Board is the agency within the Manhattan Engineer District which woduces and/or nrewxres radioactive materials for shiwent in response t o accepted apnlications. It will receive the specific requests for radioactive materials and will specffy shipments i n accordance with these. the production mechanisms and facilities and of the states and cyantitie8 in which radioisotows can be produce4 and shipped, as well 88 of the details involved in their handling and useo Board must be in a msition to balance sumly and demand and a l s o moduction and development, I t a members must have detailed knowledge of We recommend that t h e Radioisotope Committee of Clinton Laboratories, with certain specific additions (See IV,, 3), be appointed a8 t h e Allooation Board,
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Snecific mnels recomnendetl w e Physjrs, Cherristry (Inorganic, Organic and Physical), Biology (Biochenistry arid its subdivi:Aons of ?hmsc,oiogg, Plant Ijutrktion, etc. Physiology, P3..crobiology9 Tiadiobiology, e-tc. Medicine (all Ir,eniberc t o be Doctors o f Medicine and t o represent, both Radiology and Clinical Medicim), and Engineering and Industry (Dart icd a rly Chemical) _I Engineer Distyict aumintmefit Advisory Pamls as sueclfied above.
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Public announcement of the general ~ l a nof procedure by t h e Manhattan Engineer District should be made, Thio ~ l a nshould include the followingt The appointment of the Policy Commftteo by the Manhattan Engineer District (after nomination as specified in 11, 1). The apwintment of the Advisory Panel by the Manhattan Engineer District (after nomlnatian as snecified inIf, 3) with a statement of tentative policy. The apoointment o f the Allocation Board by the Manhattan Engineer District (as specified i n 11, 2). A statement by the Policy Committee t o each member of the Advisory Panel and of all other nrobably interested individuals and organizations, both inside and outside the Manhattan Engineer District a. To submit a statement of views and critiques of t h e prowsed Dhn and bolicy t o the Policy Committee, bo To meet with members of the Policy Committee for the purpose of shaping and explaining t h e Policy, eo TO do both the above, The*drawing up of the final statement of policy and plan by t h e Policy Committee, acceptance of this by the Manhattan Engineer District, and distribution of this, with a request for all proposed applicants t o communicate their needs for radioactfLve material t o the Executive Secretary of the Allocation Board, in the following manner8 a, Publication in scientific journals of wide distribution. bo Direct form letter t o all known interested Darties,
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k list of available or mtefitiul3~uvaj.ld~1r.mr2iciso tows (.to be suk it ted by the Allocution ikmrd’), A statement that materials mill not be shi ~ n e dfor 1-2 months t o allow for the receipt an3 or rp nim tic n 2. The Executive Secretary mill tum over the initial lot.%ert; of request t o the AllocRtion l3oerd a s evidence or indieati.on of relative needs, 1. Qualified a mli cations will be honored by. the Allocation ~ Board without reference t o the Advisory Panel if the material is available ond the application is such that no such reference is needed. men relative wi orl ties or references are necessaryp the Executive Secretary will send the necessary information t o selected rrembers of t h e Advisory Panel who rill return it to him with their comments and recomrenda+,ions, The All om tion Board will endeavor t o follo~vthese recomendations, The Executive Secretary will keep a l l interested oerties informed or, the urogress and result of such negotiations, 2, Shipments will be made directly from the nrodueir-g laboratory (Clinton Laboratories) to the bst it uti on of which tho apnlicant is a mmber3 rrarked t o the attention ofthe apolictmt, 3. Requests requiring additional infornation will be hendled by direct corresnondence between the Exacutfve Secretary and the
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Formt tmri.ty, concentration, scivent, required at the timu of use; Facilities End experience a t hand for converting sumlied Instrumentation and excterienced oersonnel a vc il able €or measurement. and for healtn wrotection t Method of disposal of large alcounts or of long-lived material, if such is requested; Heed f o r continuir.g suwly iz the solxitioil of the Droblem at hand, and timing of such; Description of Dromsed nroblem and its genesis, a el udf ng methods t o be used End tpe of sokition sought; Denendence of Dronosed nroblem unon radio is ot me, in amount Previous emerience with radioisotone raterial or other sources of comDarab3.e nat we j Possible alternate eources of material requested, with discussion; Possibility of reclamation and return,. i,, Signature of officer of institution to the effect that the institution assumes flrll reeponsibility for handling after receiwt and f o r return of containers, Signature of spnlicant stating his willingness t o abide by decision of Alloccltion and Advisory Boards and to adhere t o general w li cles of distribution, including guarantee of no secondary distribution aot em licit ly authorized by the Policy Cormittee,
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Is submit the following lists of indivfdud-8 f r o m which nominations to these committees could be made. and (21, the lists are exemplary rather than comalete and may easily be extended, (1) Policy caarmlttee (numbers not spec ff i ed ): Fqigner, Go Fail lag J, Franek, Io TU^. (2) Advisory Paneh3 (in addition t o any listed abo~e;a large number deafred):
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Mediczinec AoM. Brues, Lo Hempelmcm, H.L. Friedell, Leon Jaoobaen, Better titled "The Manhattan Engineer District Advisory Board on 2 o Unless thia Boerd is advisory to him,