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THIS REPORT HAS BEEN DELlFtlTfD AND CLEARED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE UNDER DOD DIRECTIVE 52OOe20 AND ITS USE AND DISCLOS’JREe APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELOASEJ
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This document consists of 24 pages Report to the Scientific Director UNDERWATER PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
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hOn Mike shot of Operation Iq’ measurement of underwater pressures was attempted a four locattons near the floor of the lagoon. Gauges were tnstalled at distances rvlging from approximately 5700 to 112.000 ft from ground zero and about 1 mile from the reef. The Single usable record showed sharp pressure spikes at 0.3 and 0.6 set after zero time. Although the later spike corresponded with the time of arrival of the air shock at the surface of the lagoon above the sauce. no satisfactory explanation for the first spike has been found. Because ta0 of the four gauges used were apparently faulty in their operation and the recorder to whit third was connected failed to start at all, It was impossible to draw any conclusions reg the nature or magnitude of the underwater shock.
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Plans for lhe underwater pressure measurements dcscrlbed In this t’~ix~n -we executed by members of the Burst Studies Division (5111) of the Weapons Effects Depnment of Sandba Corpxatton. Field measurements and Installation of the Instrumenlatl~~n rtre ably carrwd out by personnel of the Pacific Proving Ground Division (5233) of the Prorrng G.xund Department. A list of partictpatmg personnel appears as ‘he appendh to this report. Special thanks must be given to Miss Sally hgenstetn for her UIII~ tn the preparatlon of the manuscrlfi. RESTRICTED DATA -‘S&ii~y SECURITY INFORMATION
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UNDERWATER PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN THE LAGOON Pressures prtduced b the underwater shock from surface bursts cd atomic weapons ace d prrtlrulrr \n:ereht becau>r 4 thetr possible damacmi: tffcct on underwater structures such AZ rubmarine pens. boat hull*. purr foundatlcms, and damh. In fact. a surface burs: over e:& d<I a m.uulmum 01 drmacr because it Is capable of dehtroylng underwater and s tar:r:s ~imultane~1usly. It IS p~s*ihle also that, for th? hone quanllty of nuclear mate Since drlr bar-r been taken’ c,n the underwater shock from an atomic explosion under water ~7 a shdllo* Iag:cwn. II was considered highly dealrable to &tam slmllar mformatton on the O:xrrtion I\? sermcd to present an unprecedented oppertunlty to make mersGrrmcnts uf this the vAter dlrertly bill wwld be transm~tled through lhe ~011 to the water. Cilnscqucntly some Lts planned rccordmr lacllitles on nearby Islands. thr Sandra Laboratory was aakcd tc. undertake these measurements. Underwater pressure ~.Iu+T.’ were plarrd at four !oc-n!l~~~snear the floor of the Iqoon, approximately 100 ft below the hurfrcr. DIstancea from ground zero ranged from 5698 to m11c. Detailed tnlormation regarding placem@nt of the gaugro ks presented In Fig. I and ‘Clrarty an unof~atrr burst of an lmploston-type weapon would be far more cffcctlve under water than at the rurfacc.
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Distance from Approxtmate *Actually there tnstallatlons were in the lwjioon near these lslti Set ranges for these gauges mere scaled from the results of Mrrater shock pressure measurements on the undrrwatrr explosion at BIkinl.’ on the PssumWon that the fraction d thr total rncrh? ~tl~n< into underwater shock would be half as great fn?m a surface burst as from an underwater burst. Thus the &stances at which given undern:er pressure levels were o,Lservtad ~qn the Blkml shot were scaled by means of the cube root k.dmg law to a vieId of 2.5 hit (half the predlctrd yield of 5 Mt). Whereas the assumption of h& the yield gamg i water shock mav be quite v&Id for a burst on the surface of the water. this fraction x’ through the so11 d the shot rslrnd ~nl then across the Ml]-water mtctiace before it u latrd into underwater *hock enerhT. Also, no attempt *as made to estimate the effect flecllun from the fluor of the lagoon or of nonltnear cutoff of reflcctkm from the surface of the The yauces used (FIG. 2) were manufactured by the Wiancko Erprunertnc Cumpany (type 3PH90B) and %cre slmllar In operation to the air pressure jiautzes SM by Stidla Laboratory on a number of opcratlons.’ A complete descrlptlon of these gauges ~4 of the Ampex recording system used in con)unctlon with them Is presented by the Field Tes: Orrznlzarlon of Sandra Corporatlnn In a sprrlal operatIona report. ’ The gauges were mourrtcd On a pylon (Fig. 2) which suspended them about 10 It off the floor of the lagoon. Of Ihe four rerorders to which the underwater gae&~s were comcctedd. one faiied to start, and cb~~arquently no record **a5 obtained for the gauce at Station 67Z.03. Only one of the remainlny three ma<:ncfIc tames. that f:lr the f.?nuce at Slatlun 670.01. rp,uars to have recorded any signal from thr gauqr. Orrcnally nonrecclpt of ZilWals from the cau~s at Statlons 6iO.02 and 670.04 was thoucht to hr\e &rn attributable clther to the 10~ m+z.?Uude of the pressure pulses rcrelved or to a duratlc>r. so short that the fzauaes falled t0 &flect. Exarnmatlon of tuo rduce> that were recovered. however:rereAled altercatlve explanations bubblt Is InvarIably trrpped In the Bourdon tube durlne Installarlon d Ihe gauge unless a wetting agent Is used. Slnrc* no wrtclnc *<rnt was used. It must be assumed tfut crch 01 the gaucvs had * rn air bubble trajlln*d In its Bourdon lube. Lnborrtory control tests rnd,crtr that this air bubble -m;.t lflpctlvcly incrclw? th.’ rise llrnc of the gauge from approxtmate:Y 0.5 to 2 mart at 15 pal. although this increase I : probah!y a maximum. Such a condltlon m%:d Increase the requlslte duration of the s.hTal rrcrivvd. and It la probable that any pmsure pulse having a tlon wax the burrtlng ti the air bubble In the back of the gauge; the am bubble tn the bark J( the
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Personnel of the SandIa Corporation Field Test Organization, under the directlon of G. A. Fowler. performrd the tleld Installalton and calibration of the pressure gauges and auxiliary InstrumrntatIon for these measurements. H. E. Lenander of the Proving Ground Department served as Project Officer of Project 6.1. Other members of the Sandia Personnel farce were R. S. Mllllcan, DlvIsIon Supervlror of the Pacific Provlng Ground Dlvislon The folIowIng mllltary personnel were assigned temporarily to the Field l’est Organlntion for assistance on Operatlon 1Vy: Sandla Corporation partlclpated In the field operations. Cox also served as Co-DIrector, with F. Porzel, Los Alamos SclenlUIc Laboralory. of Sclentlfic Program 6 of Operation Ivy. t’nder his dtrectlon the folloulnp personne! from the Weapons Effects Department assisted In the analysis of the data obtained on these measurements: All data were reduced by the hlathematicai Servtces DIvIsion, 5241, of Sandla Corporation.
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ATTN: Chllrman. Mrdwai R&D bard Construction Branch. Washington 25. D. C. ATTN: ENGEB ATTS: Englneerlng Di~lswn. Srruclural Branch The Quartcrmastcr Gerwral. CBR. Lwson Office. Research urd Commandmg General. First Army.. Governor’s Island. New York 4. Commandmg General. First Army, Governor’8 Island. New York 4. Commanding General. Firs1 Army, Govrrncbr’s Island. New York 4. Commanding Genrrai. Second Army. Ft George G. Wade, hid.
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Ill. ATTS: ALFOR slxtt. Army. Prrrldlo of San Francrsro, Cu. irirs;r C. b Traps, APO 209. c ‘o PU Sew York, Commanding Grnvral. U. 5 Army Caribbean, APO 6S4. c ‘o PY Sew CAIII. ATTS: Cm1 Off. Dlrrctor of Special Weapons Dwelopmrnts. OCAFF. ?I. BLIPS. Tex.
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n Belwr. va. ATTS: ChJrl, fcrhmral btrll~gmce Braad Director. Owraliona Research Offtee. Johns H+mr Utivrr*Ity, 8410 Connecllcut Ave.. Chevy Chase, Md. ATTS: Lbrarp Commander, Operational Development Force. U. S Atlantic Flrti, u. 8. Naval Base, Sorfolk 11. Va. ATTS: Atr Department Treasure Island. Sin Francisco. Caltf. Dlrectcr. USMC Development Center, USMC Srtnols, QuantJco. Va. ATTN: Tactics Board Dtrertw. USMC Dewlopment Center, USMC School& Quantlco. VI, Commanding Oiftrrr, U. S. Fleet TratnJrq Center. Naval Base. Nclrfulk 11. VP. ATTS: Spcclal Weaponr Schaol
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Caltf ATTN. !SPWP School) San DI~.EO 52. Calif. ATTS: Code 210 Dlrectclr. Olfrrr uf %\-a1 Hrsrrrch Branch Off~cc. 1000 Gtarf m San Franclaccj 9, Calif. AIR FORCE ACTIVITIES ATTS. Op’rati.v;s Analysis DIVISION Dlrrctorntc of lntvli~~:c*nrc. Hndqurrtcrr. USAF. Washlrqtat 2% 0. C. Commanding Guwral. U. S. Air Furcer Europe. APO 622. C/O m
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Su, Franctwo. Cailf. Command~nl. Air Force School of Al 21i.w Hrdlcuw. Randolph AFB, T,X. Strcrt. Cambrtee 39. WRS Am Atclmlc Warfare Directorate Con,m,trrdlts General, Air Forct CA-: &e Rcserrch Center, 230 Albany AnN: Nuclra; Energy Divrwu
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comlTun&nr. Armed Forces sun College. Norfolk 11. va. Albuquerque. S. hlex. AITS: Martln Luccro
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