Operation Ivy, Report to the Scientific Director, Radiological Safety, Joint Task Force 132

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It is the responsibility of the recipient to promptly complete the remarking of this DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY Cameron Station l Alexandria, Virginia 22314

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We are pleased to supply this document in response to your request. The acquisition of technical reports, notes, memorandums, etc., is an active, ongoing program at the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) that depends, in part, on the efforts and interests of users and Therefore, if you know of the existence of any significant reports, etc., that are not in the DTIC collection, we would appreciate receiving copies or information related to their sources and availability. The appropriate regulations are Department of Defense Directive 5100.36, Defense Scientific and Technical Information Program; Department of Defense Directive 5200.20, Distribution Statements on Technical Documents; Military Standard (ML-STD) 847-A, Format Requirements for Scientific and Technical Reports Prepared by or for the Department of Defense; Department of Defense Regulation 5200.1-R. Informat.ion Security Program Regulation. Our Acquisition Section, DTIC-DDA- 1, will assist in resolving any questions you may have. Telephone numbers of that office are: (202) 274-68’47, 6”,,s. Government Printing Office: 1982--391.508/1357

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Copy availabls to DTIC does nOt DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY Cameron Station l Alexandria, Virginia 22314

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The clrrrlflol or liml?td.~trtus of lhis roeortrpplios tefense of the United States within the meaning of the Lspionagr Ima, Pitle 18, U. S. C., Section 793 and ‘94. Its transmission OF the revelation oi its aontents a any mumor to tm unauthorized person is qrobiuud IWRADING; DOD DIR 5200.10

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CHAPTER 1 TASK UNIT 7....... .-. CHAPTER 2 PROCUREMENTGF TEMPORARY-DUTY PERSONNEL Source of Personnel Required .... 3.3 Administrative Details of These Programs CHAPTER 4 SUPPLY AND ADMINXSTRATTON . 4.1.3 Issue and Receipt ....

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CRAPTER 6 LABORATORY GROUP 0.2 Photodosimetry and Records Section 6.3 Radiochemical Section, Laboratory Group 63.2 Evaluation of the Field Laboratory CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSIONS AND RLCOMMENDATIONS

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APPENDIX A TASE UNIT 7 .......... APPENDM B STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR EQUIPMENT ISSUE 8.2.2 Dosimeters and Film Badges ...... APPENDIX C STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR RADIOLOGICALSAFETY CONTROL GROUP ..... Duties of Control Group Officer Prior to Da!ly Operations Duties of Control Group Officer During Daily Operations . Duties of Senior Monitors Prior to Trip . . Duties of Senior Monitors During an Operation . Duties of Senior Monitors After an Operation . Control of Entry into Contaminated Areas . Schedule of Operations for Recovery Trip . Final Briefing Check List ..... Standard OperatiT Procedure for Ground Survey Standard Operating Procedure for Aerial Survey C.14.3 night Plan and Location of Positfon w!th Respect to Ground C.14.6 Data To Be Sent to RIC .,.....

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APPENDIX D STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR PHOTODOSIMETRY AND .\ APPENDIX E STANDARD OPERATWG PRUCEDURE FOR RADIOLQGICAL APPENDM F STANDMU) OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR DECONTAMINATION APPENDIX G STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR RAD-SAFE SAFETY INVOLVED IN TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE SAMPLES Instruments and Film Badges ..........

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APPENDDS I STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR LOW-ORDER 12 Responsibility for Reentry .... 5.2.2 Aircraft, Vehicles, and SmaII hate . 5.2.3 Air and Water .....

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8.1 Summary of Radiological Assays . . L.1 projected Schedule of Recovery Operations

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FORMERLY RLSTRXTED DATA In order to show fully the assigned mission, responsibilities, and functions of Task Unit 7 (TU 71, it is felt that in this portion of the report it would be advantageous to reproduce the dlrectfve which initiated the requirements. Thts is an extract from Annex H to Commander, Task Group 132.1 (CTG 132.11, Operations Order l-52, dated 15 August 1952, and the subsequent Mike and King recovery-plan appendices to this annex which were added in the Forward The exiract follows: miaaiona of mdIologlcal safety (‘4Rad-Safe*0)apedfled la Annax P of CJTF 132 Operation Plan NO. 2-52. b. Thle Task Unit will operate a Rad-Safe center at Parry Ieland when the Tank Group lr a&ore and aboard the USS Rendova when the Tank Group 1s afloat. a. Thir Task Unit will function M the technical Rod-Safe Unit for the Taok Fame. The Rod-Safe Unit will provide for: a. Radlological protectlon of TG 132.1 personnel. b. Maintenance of Tauk Group operational efficiency In tbe presence of radiological bazardn. c. Technical a.eaIrtance to Tank Force and Tank Group Commandsra on matten pertatning to To effect accompllrhment of the above mlsaton, tbs Commander, Task Untt 7, will: a. Organlze and command a Rad-Safe Unit. c&da monftortng of water ~uppllea at bthablted dirtant atolls and eetablihlng outtable tablem of allowable restdual radiatloa levela for equlpment. personnel, vehtclea, boats, etc. (1) Procurement, rtorags, and iseue of film badge81and rpectfled Iterm of Rad-Safe personal (2) Development and tnterpmtatlon of exposed film badger. (3) Maintenance of film badge expoeum records. (4) Provlrlon of fac:litiea at Parry Wand Rad-Safe Building for: (a) Callbratton. mplr, and maintenance of monttortng instrumenta and fb) Storage ti Inrue of qam parts for RADIACequtpment. @) Monitoring the removal and paclqing of radIoactIve aourcea and rampler. d. Supply the Task Force and Tuk Group Commandem with post-dot rurface rltuatioo mapo u b. Procure Aad-Safdclothlnq aa required by TO 132.1 recovery personnel. f. Procure and Issue qreclal high den&y goggle8 to spectfted personnel of JTF 132. g. Provide technIcal personnel to Inspect radiologically contaminated items for all tank groups and certtfy destruction or dlsporralof same to JTF 132.

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h. Provide personnel and equfpnent decontamhtfon facllltfes. 1. Conduct laboratory studfee to determine the nature of radiological bawds. J. Organlze and malntafn a Rad-Safe center on the USS Rendova. k. Insure that all units comply with Rad-Safe regulations autllned In A~~wKUX 1. 1. Supervise and review reports of special radiologIcal physlcal examinations for n; 132.1 per-

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PROCUREMENT OF TEMPORARY-DUTY PERSONNEL Since the period of operations of the Radiological Safety (Rod-Safe) MonItorGroup was to be of short duration, it was decided to request support from the Armed Servicea and spectfied civilian irmtallations. Civilian personnel, recogniaed experta in their field, were to be requested by name. Military personnel were to be selected by name and job requirement and with the purpose of extending the training of the military in Rad-Safe operatiorux 2.1 SOURCE OF PERSONNEL R%$JIRED Communlcationa to each of the appropriate agencies were sent requesting the services of personnel for the operation, aa follows: Radiological instrlnaant repairmen

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(a) Job Discrfpffovt. These officers nerve as a&fleers and technical experts on all matters pertaining to the nonmedical aspeck of radiological contamination. They assist project leaders in recovery plans for test equipment and make eurveys of areaa subjected to radiological contamination. They operate radiationdetectlon instrumenta and devices and as&at in decontamination and laboratory operations. 0 QauZlficaffons Ussired. Becent completion of a radiologlcaldetense engineer course or experience as a radiotoglcat monitor at previous tests la deaired. (a) Job Dcscri~fkn. Enlisted monitors perform surveys of areas subjected to radiologlcal contamination. They operate radtattondetectlon lnatrument8 au5 devices to detect the presence of radiation in areaa contaminated with radloactlve materlale and assist ln decoatamlnotion operations as directed. (b) QuaZi~cul~ Desfred. Prevfous experience at field teats or a graduate of a military fa) Job Deswfpth. The laboratory director serves 88 technical director of the Bad-Safe laboratory. He supervisea the assembly of technical lnformatlon from radiochemical analyses to aa8iet the commander ln ?stabllshment of the true radioioglcal hazards. Be supervlses the processing of film baoges and the maintenance and repair of radlatlondetectlon Instruments. 0) QuaZfficalfw~ Desired. Badiologlcaldefense engineer training with experience in radlologicaldefense loetrumentatlon Is desired. (c) Best Source. The U. S. Army Signal Corps Laboratories (Evans Signal Laboratory) or the U. 5. Naval Badlological Defense Laboratory (NBDL) is the best source. fa) Job Dcscrf&tfo% Laboratory techniclana are selected enlisted personnel, specially trained ln radlochemical analyses and radlation measurement, who will perform routine opetations in laboratorler assigned such functions. mensurate educational background ia desired. (c) Best Source. The Chemical Corps Chemkal and Badlologlcal Laboratories, Army Chemkd Center, Md., or NBDL, San Frawlsco, 18 the beet Bource. @ Job pwcrfplfow. Photographic assirtants are 8peclaUred photographic laboratory tech&fans who are ekilled ln the developmec. of dental X-ray films, in the operation of fllmdensity metem, and tn the interpretation of readlnge. (5) Qualt~cuffon8 Desfred. Experience in a civilian or military health-phyalcs laboratory or experience in a similar capacity at previous atomic-weapon tesb is desired. (c) Besl Source. The Armed Forces Special Weapons Prefect (AFSWP) test groups etatioaed at &&a Base are the bed 8ourte. (a) Job Dcscrfpffott. These repairmen install, inspect, test, calibrate, maintain, and repair. all types of radiologicaidetectlo inetruments. They inspect and test devices in order to

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detect causes of faulty operatton. They locatff trouble and make the necessary repairs and adjustments on various types of survey meters, doatmeters, and tilled equipment. They tmprovise or make aubstitutione for defective part.8 when exact replacemeab are not avatlable. experience b military atomic-defense schools L desired.

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TRAINING AND INDOCTRINATION This phase of TU 7 operations was divided into two parts: The first included the training of personnel to form a reserve pool of backup monltors whose functfon would be to perform the duties of monitors ln the event that the regularly assigned monitor personnel received or spproached the prescribed dosage limit for the operation. The second consisted of an indoctrlnation of TU 7 personnel in all phases of Operstion Ivy. As mentioned above, it was necessary to conduct a series of lectures and practlcsl exercises to qualify personnel in the duties of monitors for the various miss&me. Personnel were obtained from different units throughout the Task Force. Those people who did not possess the training equivalent to that obtsined In the Armed Forces six weeks course in atomic defense were required to tlkr tne trainine. Tbe following subjects were included ln the course of instruction* 2. Rsdiosctfvity, including concepts of half life snd the nature of alpha, beta, and gamma S. Methods of detection. 1. Theory of instrument operation through the discussion of tbs ionization of gaees, and a cormktlon between this physical effect end the dfect of ianisation on the Ussues of the human 1. Cumuhative-dosage types of instruments, Le., film hdges and dosimeters. 3. Demonstration of these and other types oL Instruments, stressing the salient operational features of each. (~1 Calibrutttm-Conference and Proctfcal Exerckc 0 Er). bcluded in the scope of in1. Chsracterkitlcs of Mruments used by monitors. 2. Methodology of calibration. 3. CalculaUons involved ta the use of stsndard rsdlum sources.

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1. DeflnlUons of terms encountered ln monitoring procedures. g. Discus&m of the problems encountered in the different typea ol monitoring, i.e., rlr, 3. Practical monitoring exercise using appropriate inetruments and sourcea, with the utudente plotting isointenstty llnes. (I BY). Included were a discussion of the theoretical nsture of radioactive ccntaminatlon, a discussion of the methods of decontamination to be used dur!ng Operation Ivy, and a demonstration d the protective clothing available and that to be ur.ed during the Operation whenever A p.!mary responsibility, established at previous operations, d the Rad-Ssfe Unlt ls the tralnlng of personnel ln the concept and principles of radiation safety. TU 7, as the prlnclpal tech&al Pad-Safe organlsatlon of Joint Task FOW (JTF) 131, conducted a refire of remlnar dl.@cuseionsrelated to the technical operatmns involved ln Operation Ivy. Recognlsed authorlties wlthln the Task Forcd were lnvlted to address seminar8 related to their partlculu Ii016 of lutarest. These guest dtscusslon leadera presented short lntmductory lecturer 8mi then opened periods of guided discuseioa. (a) Concept of Operatftms. A presentation of the salient feature8 of the FA operatioar ~88 given. Pertlnent features of the TO 133.1 Operatlonr Order were discussed, along wlth the general plans for evacuation Md reentry. Dlscusslatr pertatnlng to the general safety of personnel, ships, and aircraft were held. The Task Force otgani&iW was ccvemd. 0 Radiologtcal-safety OprfatMu. A presentation of the Task Force and Task Unlt org8nisatlon for radlatlon-eafety operation8 wan given. The nature of rdlologlcsl hssardr tions were reviewed. Dlscusslonr of the Mlke and K.lng recovery programs and of oparatloaa, both a&ore and afloat, were hieluded. (c) Radiological Zndrumddion, Included were dlscusrlons al field survey and personnel lnstrumsnta, operrtioual characterlstlcs for humid snd arid cllmatlc COnditbXU, laboratory Instrumenta for teat ~rrtlonr, NRDL instrument char8cterlstlcr unt operation, Mrument callbratlon, and future lnstrumentatlon developments. fd) Douhmrtry. Tttia subject covered photodoslmetry and recordr procedure8 for the oporation, Ulm and doslmeter chamcterlrttcs, and requlmmenta snd llmltatlcnr. qulpment, communlcatlons procedures, and field operattcmr were included. lrationr, cakulation of radex from glven wlnd condltlon8, and typical problems. &j Scfanti~3c Progvams. Included were discussions of AEC and Dapartmeat of Dafeanrr acrfptlmr of project& publlcatlonr lad expected dates of publlcattollr, rad contrtitlonr of program and project monlton. m Wea#onEfl#ctr. This subject covered the funfly of weapon@,grwrd darcriptlfma; blant, thermal, and nuclear radiation effects following atomic detonattonn; and scaling Itw rppllcatlonr and typical problems.

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their detxmtione was dlEcuE~ed. 2.3 ADMlNBTRATXVE DETAILS OF THESE PROGRAMS The coordination cl the activities discussed in Sees. 3.1 and 3.2 was accomplfshed by the Training Officer, a member of the Control Group. He contacted the necessary instructor personnel, scheduled the hours, and obtained locations and the necessary training aids and equipment to facilitate the execution of these programs. Toward the end of the post-Mike period and just prior to Klr:g detonation, the services of many of the backup monitors were utilized. Some of these were men who acted speclflcally PII monitors for missions, whereas others were voluntee* scientific personnel on the project staff who acted as their own monitors for particular mlsslons. This was quite helpful because pllMyof the TU 7 monitor personnel had accumulated more than 2 r of exposure during the early post-Mtke period; thus their services were made avallab:e on a standby batifs rather than on sn active basis. Thts also ensured an adequate supply of monltor personnel for the The orientation was successful in that, by giving a more complete ptcture of the operation, monitor personnel of TU 7 were able to plan their activities during the pre-Mike peria more successiully. This knowledge wss carried over into the actlvitles of the post-M&e period and

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SUPPLY AND ADMICJISTRATION Procurement of equipment presented problems that need to be conMered between operrUona. Recau8e of the temporary nature of Rod-Safe units, no table of required equipment wa8 avatlable prior to the 0rgantxaUou of TU 7. 4.1.1 Methods of Procurement Eight months prior to the operation a table of equipment was net up aa a result of conferences with member8 of the Health Division, LA& and examination of shipping documents of Operation Greenhouse. First eatimatee indicated a need for 13 tonr of equipment occupying 5000 cu ft. The80 v&es prored to be eomewhat high. The following five procurement channels became apparent efter study: 1. Equipment loan from Oversea Test Section, AEC, Loa Alamoa, N. Me& 2. Equipment loan from Weapons Effects Test Group, Field Command, AFSWP, spndia Eksa, Albuquerque, N. Mex. 4. Gutriffht purchase from funda of TG 132.1 by the Supply 8nd Property Department, 5. Equipment loan and issue by supply agenctes of the Department of tb@Army thrauqh With a vten to economy and utilization of available equipment, outright purchase from fund8 in the amount of $2500 was limited to ncomilitary expendable arppliea, e.g., film badger and special envelopes. AR the rbove rgem%X were ewtremely cooperative in providing equipment for the overaean operation and contributed immeasurabiy to the success of the …