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AEC AUTHORIZING LEGISLATION JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES PHYSICAL RESmRCH, BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, AND PLOWSEARE Printed for the use of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
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PI 1971 Budget Estimates Appropriation - Operating Expenses Research i n biology and medicine i s an integral part of the overall AEC program contributing t o the national security and the effort will be devoted t o assess, evaluate and control radiation exposure t o man and his environment. Applications of radioirotopes and radiation in medicine and biology ICC also being developed. Major problems of prime importance t o the AEC and t h e nation which need resolution will receive increased attention. ecorysters; (2) t h e hazard t o man from pulmonary exposure t o aerosols of plutonium and other alpha emitters; and (3) maintaining the scientific and fiscal stability of the prwm of the Atomic Bomb Casualty CtxmiaSiOn i n Japan ata time when the importance of these studies is increasingly apparent. rcrcarch areas will be necessary i n order to wet the commitments t o immediately critical programs. During t h e p a s t year a number of significant advances in the biomedical research program have been reported which should be exploited, Mdthe underlying research which led to these advances must be strengthened t o assure future contributions. Among these advances is the observation that gallium 67 ha8 an unusual affinity for certain soft tissue tumors and thus i s promising i n tumor detection by radioirotope Scanning. by showing that persons with a measurable body burden of radium have characteristic defects and destructive changes i n skeletal I n conducting its biomedical research progrm the MY2 must go to the scientists and laboratories having the qualifications m d the facilities necessary for the wrk. equipment is available only inthe AEC national laboratories. in the universities. Along with the continuing studies of the interaction of radiation with biological systems, a substantial (1) thermal alteration of environments as area dt of nuclear power plant operations and the effects of this on local With an operating budget of $88,3OO,O0O substantial reductions i n other important Significant sdvances have been made i n studying the effects of radiation on m u New techniques Are now available for Manuring LINA, which is the critical component of living cells. In many inrtances, t h e combination of unique interdisciplinary teams and specialized I n addition, many of the nation's best scientists are located For these reasons, every effort will be made t o assure that the most productive research programs are Nevertheless, some reduction i n mirsion-oriented research a t universities and a t AEC laboratories will be necessary. me total biomedical research program had been realigned to identify problem areas. areas for which increases o r decreases are proposed are highlighted belou: A number of the most significant research Estimate Estimate or PY 1970 PY 1971 Decrease 1. Interaction of Radiation with Biological Syrtems a. Evaluation of the relative biological effectiveners of gmma rays and faat neutrons for low dorcr administered daily f o r the life6pan of t h e experimental Research on the late effects on mmmals'of single low exposures to gamms radiation, a t Oak Ridge Hational Laboratory ............................................ 1,083 1,123 + 40 Investigation of metabolic alterations i n irradiated farm animals, studies of trace elements of inter eat in nutrition, soil chemistry research and studies of 280 - 130ion exchange i n soil systems, a t the University of TcMessee... .................... of gravity, at Argme national laboratory the molecular anatomy prog rm,at osh Ridge national Laboratory .................... 247 777 + 30 d. Research on the responses of plants to light duration and unidirectional force e. Development of techniques for the analysis of human tissues and body fluids in Studies on the genetics of root development, physiological and cytochemical effects of radiation in plant ceUs, at the hiver s it y of TeMesree.... 2 . Assessment, Evaluation and Control of Radiation Exposure t o Uful and His a. Continuation of the program of the Atadc Bomb Casualty Cotmission to collect uniquely valuable data on late radiation effects in the rurvivors of the .................................................bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4,000 4.200 + Mo
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-> BIOLOGY AND MEDICME PROCW - continued Stridies of the pu har y toxicology of plutonium and other alpha emitters a t the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Lovelace hm dati on and Los Alamoa Scientific man radium toxicity studies, at Argonne Rational Laboratory Md other Evaluation of the effects of the discharge of heated effluents from nuclear power plants on the fresh-water and marine environments and i n the atmosphere Documentation of radionuclide distribution following Plowshare cratcring Terrestrial ecology Studies a t the University of California, Loa Angeles ........... Extension of the Airstream monitoring project to continue the inventory of debris from French tests, Md continuation of the overall upper altitude at selected representative locations ............................................... events, at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore ................................ 238 and other radionuclides ........................................................ 3. Beneficial Applications of Radiation 8. (ninical research using the newly available short-lived isotopes a t the & g O M C Cancer Research Hospital, University of California a t Lo8 Angeles, Md other Studies of the effectivenesl of total-body irradiation In CMCer therapy, a t BIOIMJT m MEDICINE PROGRAW - continued Research on human physiology and experimental medicine, at Lamncc R.biatim Studies of lipids in cell8 and org.aclle8 of nod neoplastic and irradiated tissue, at Oak Ridge Associated Miversities........ Continuation of dcrobiologlcal wets of radiation preservatioo of f d Inall other Important scientific area8 arc The IncresJcs identified relate to approximately twelve percent of the program. vill be 8 reduction. Coordination of this progrm with related progr- of other Fcdcral agencies is being achieved through (1) l i a i s o n at the -king level with program administrators in other agencies. mch M the study sections of the la tio o al Institutes of Health .ad panels of t h e Rational Science Foundation and other formal and informal relationships; (2) representation on interagency c & t t e e r established by the Federal Council for Science and Technolcgy, the Aational Academy of Sciences, and other gorunmental and non-governmental organizations; (3) j o i n t l y rponsored research programs i n area8 of mutual interest; and (b) exchange of scientific information through publication i n Journals, attendance at scientific meetings, and the use of informatim pools such M the Science Information Exchange. men u e a number of progrm changes, both expMsiooa and reductions, Md these program area8 a r e described in oore detail i n the justification which follows:
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P.ge Actual Estimate Estimate lo. IT 1969 FY 1970 FY 1971B&I 6 1. Interaction of Radiation with Biol i c a l S atema 12 2. Assessment, Evaluation and Control of Radiation Expoaure t o Wn urd Ma Environment Exposure t o External and Internal Radiation ..................... Combating Detrimental Effects of Radiation ...................... Land and Fresh Water Environmental Sciencer.... . Nuclear Energy Civil Effects .................... Radiological and Health Physics and Instrumentat B&#I24 3. Beneficial Applications of Win tion b. Biological and Agricultural Research ............................ 2,789,257 2,830,000 2,745,000 .................................E. Radiation Preservation of Pooda P 5% Since partial recovery of radiation durrge aema t o be a general phenomenon, it l a important t o understsnd how Qae-rate influences the expression of radiation we. .nim sls in regard t o capability for recovery from radlation dqe. suggest t h a t t h e monkey shows much alover recovery kinetics than rodents or dogs. mm's recovery rate may be Bim i lar to that of the moohey. meaningful data should be available i n FY 1971. During the first third of gestation the developing embryo or fetus is quite ausceptible to teratogenic effecta resulting expcsure to radiation o r chemical agents. study the early physiological developent of the fetus i n farm Mi mala and determine the mechmlam responaible for the b - m di ties.me dec reu e in the rta boll c pro gra at the Univcraity of Tenneaaee primarily reflects M internal reorientation with a reduction i n studies of mctabollm of calcium and strantlrrm i n poultry. has been realized and the buic atudiea of transport rch.niSma and Cellular interactions, althorn of interest,ue not of sufficient priority for continuation a t the preaent level. It i s obvious now that there are spcciea differences mmollg experimental Pre lL min w studies a t Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Recent radlotherapy reaults suggest that & cxpamion of this program at LoS Umo s is important .nd 8The overall coat w l ll be significantly reduced by eliminating a- rodent A program atthe University of Tennessee Agricultural Rerearch Laboratory will Sufficient practical infomation Response of Organ Systema and Tisauea To underatand the effects observed i n the whole animal,a knowledge of the interaction of radiation a t the tir sue or cellular level is required. Detailed supporting investigations of the effect a of radiation on important organs and tisauea as wellu single cella comprising them are required. contribute t o the knowledge of radiation In addition, investigations at the cell level using del in vitro cell systems weat this level of organization. A new program h a been initiated at BrooLhmn Rational Leboratory, which will involve the largest airrgle group of cell biologists in the AEC program devoted exclusively t o the investigation of repair of ionizing radiation damage i n mdian cells in vitro. 4m-e at the ce ii u lid molecular level M well M the macmmolecuhr Mpecta of repair of the damage!hich leads t o inamid. An important aspect of this work will be an attempt to correlate the inc reu ed relative biological effective ne is (RBE) of neutrons with ability of the cells to repair the damcrge produced. Research at the Laboratory of Radiobiology a t the University of California Plcdical Center will be specifically oriented t o the biochemical and genetic aspects of ~MUlmdiMCell and tia SUe differentiation. systems in mammals are under homeostatic control we have little or LKI knowledge about the w ch mia ma of the control or regulatory proceases of these aystema. of differentiation in a model tissue tumor ayatem i n rat liver. ,.hurges inthe rmount of certain enzymes preaent i n the cell. st mang normal differentiation end abnormal differentiation involved i n carcLnogeneaia. lhis rerearch Uill involve investigation of the mechaulams involved i n the productim of radiation Al thou it is knoun that all cell renewal oak Ridge Rational Laboratory a Canp1eMentU-y progrm is un&rUay t o hVeStigate the biochemical aspects of regulation These atudies u e iEIpOrtMt from the point of view of underThe transfoorration iran normal t o tumor cells seems t o involve
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JVSTIFICATION OF CATEGORIES Effects of Radiation on Living Organisma. ....... PY 1969: $11,9B3,@7 PI 1970: $12,15O,Mx) FY 191: $~,9+5,m me objective of this research is t o underitand the imwdiate and delayed effects of exposure t o radiation of v vio us types other Organisms, e.g., plants, bacteria, CtC., can the effects of radiation injury be adequately MSCSSCd. writs provide data on which t o predict hazards t o domestic animals and, integrated with the limited infomation obtu & from actual human exposures, such a8 radlation accidents and radiotherapy provide a more reliable basis for predicting the intensities. only by studies of the whole organlam and a t the organ and cellular level with experimtntal .ni malsa to man Well. Changes are proposed f o r the following program areas: &creme Estimate Estlmate or Evaluation of the relative biological effectiveness of gaauna rays and fmt neutrons, at Argonne National L.boratory Research m the late effects Ca m.mmals of single low exposures t o gamna radiation, at oak Ridge National Laboratory Investigation of metabolic alterations in irradiated fu m animals and of trace elements of Interest in nutrition, soil chemistry research and studies of ion exchange in soil systems, a t the University of Tcnnessee Study of the repair of ionizing radiation damage in mamalla n cells, at Brookhaven Effects on 'LlhOlC Organims %e emphasis in whole organism studies ha8 shifted fran Uisesswnt of imaediat; effects of large radiation dose8 to th effects of low doses ora low dose-rate continuous exposure of large populations of ~ imal sand man. exposures can produce 1nJury that will be expressed only after a long delay in time, and at a relatively h que n q of long-term effects in mice of a single low exposure t o gamma radiation while the other at Argonne Rational m oratory d~ span of t h e animals. "uo such large, long-term experiments arein progress. heat Oak Ridge Aational Laboratory will evaluab the extent t o w h i c h thyroid-pituitary r.diosenritivity server M an index of residual radiation injury in the dog and the pathologic wcha nim s of permanent and delayed radiation effects in rodents Will remain aMjOr radiobiological effort in this activity at theM ivers it y of Rochester. -rane of bone, bone structure and i t s actabolism. characterizing the physiological factors controlling pulmonary function and the biophysical properties of aerosols Mtbcy influence lung clearance and retention of inhaled dust particles. Atthe Brookhaven Lt ional Laboratory acme Interesting resulta have been obtained with "partial-body" Irradiation of groulng plants which indicates that irradiation of a R.L1 stem section i n some plants is almost .I) effective per unit dose u ir rd la tion of the entire plant. Program empheais will be directed toe lucid a tiw the mchanfsms of the regulatory In addition, significant research interest will Continue on This phenomenon seem t o correspond t o that observed In wale. p u . l l e l the current adVMCC8 i n nmmallan radiobiology using cell cultures, invertigations uaing plant cell cultures will &fferentiation through the use of ch d cal treatments. ell dirlslon but also the potential for normal biff e rent i ation into an integrated organism. In the off-site program, investigations to characterize the radiobiology of fMt neutrons, as frcm californium 252, rill be undertaken t o determine the normal tissue tolerance with respect t o both early Md late effects upon such organ system M akin and hair follicles, corneal epithebm and lens of the eye, intestine, and Its vu cula tue, bladder, and, of COCVDC, level in these and other appropriate test systems under i n vivo and in vitro CWditiOnS. data quantifying the effects of such d tying factors M dose, dose-rate, exposure schedules, dose distribution and orygen tension i n order t o determine Relative Biological Effectiveness (BE) and Oxygen Enhancemnt Ratios (OER) values for the eventual application of californium 252 t o human radiotherapy. Greater emphasis will be placed on elucidating the cellular basis for radiosensitivity between and within mammalian species. Data from studies on the dynamics of cell renewal systems will be correlated with the organism's mortality rate frm acute or fractionated …
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