Operation Castle, a Very Preliminary Report of the Results () (Partial) (Deleted)

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1 BLAST AND SHOCK .YEAS2REM!ZN’E Blast .Fhenomna by Surface Photography. Base Surge Measurements by Photography Peak Pressure by Aerial Photography . . Shock Winds and Afteruinds ...... Water Wave Studies. Survey of Radiological Fall-out by Oce anogra?hic Methods. 35 SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION Test of Interim IBDA Procedures for High Yield 1% apon”s.. 40 7.2 Detaction of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from Nuclear. . 62

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Analys ‘M for Fission and Fusion Energy Yields ....... 70 High Sped Photography. .................. 76

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Ball Crusher Gage De formationsj Data from New Wiancko System ....... Results of the DTMB Ball Crusher Gage Readtigs 7 LONG RANGE DETECTION 7.4-1 Project 7.4 - Sample Results. .

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1 BLAST AND SHOCK MLAS’JREMNTS SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND OPEMTION Prelimhary Estimate of Washdoun Effectiveness on .... Painted Steel Surfaces l Representative Dose Rates on Painted Stuel Surfaces . . . Representative Cumulative Dose on Painted Steel Surfaces. Ionospheric Record 1 Hour and 23 minutes After ‘ ., Ionospheric Record 2 Hours and S minutes After 7 LONG RANGE DETECTION 7.1-1 Tim@ Record, Parry Island Station .....ls..ll 13.$1 Complete Model 100 Streak Record ............

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Wace from Enyu. Yost Sensitive Differentiated Detector Power as a Functim of TIN. ... Atmospheric Transmission fxmm Sta. Atmospheric Transmission fxmm Sta.

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might be necessary i expensive to produce than . which was essentially the same as t~ ftist— This device was flown to Eniwetok and ftied on ~ May 19s4 as a b=ge The following project reports are in general preliminary. Later and n

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To determine the distribution of the major fall-out downwind by To measure depth and rata of diffusion of fall-out required for an estimate of the integral activity over the area. . To collect otherwise unattainable specbens, technical data, and field experience essential for the success of future operational planning uith improvised radiation detectors capable of being towed and louered vertically into the sea. Between Y + 6 hours and Y+& days an 800 ~le 10% trworse of the suspcted downwind ama was made, sections being made near radii 30, 200 miles. Hydrographic casts mre made at stations evidencing uater; water sainpks were taken to depths as great as 2@3 feet. Surface water was collected frequently along the traverse while the Betkaen stations, radiation indicators wre tcwd astern so that the swfue wa~r activity could be continuously nonitored. At three stations a special geiger co’mtir device was lowred to the end of a 300 ft ~a~~e ~d its ~~~ wag retorted as a function of depth. ‘n two instances, it passed through the contamination and into the clear wabr blow givjqg the extint of diffusion dkct~. of this type. General Character of the Survey ‘dater samples, of courses will

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Bat~=~graphs wre taken at ftied stations, no gear was available for underw~ measurements. These measurements, of Ereat value h establishing the state of * of the umer layers, were Rreatly a~mented by BT’s sent in from DDE which had been stiaming in nearby areas. A very interesting demonstration of the radioactivity concentrating ability of marine 1ife was made. Two plankton casts were ‘A masured activity and the organisms were found to be mmy made in water of times more active ~.:, Navigation during the later phases was largely determined by the outcome of the intensity monitoring. The length of tinetrip was not limited. m the ability of even this improvised gear b detect radioactive@ but + rather by the ability of a single slow-moving ship to traverse significant .- The ship returned on schedule, all gear intact. out Of reach. are itemized in the Folsom and circulatcd an 27 April by Task Unit 13. .1. Actual measurements ~ re modified slightly to fit field ckumsta.nces which then existed. F~ur casts to O, 25, 50, 100, 203, SOO metirs. I “’ Four casts to O, 25, SO, 100, 175 mtirs. Dual protected thermometers at all

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S~y improvised plastic bottles, ~ h every cast. Plankton net cast, samples collectad at two stations at 2 knots ~ ~. Eight hundred miles of continuous monitoring of surface layer ; A few titercomprisons wore made at deck-level and bridge-level Extra surface water samples were taken at 15 points on the course Prelbin ary Results Unprocessed field =asurements of radiation intensity due to fall-out of hydrographic stations where deep water samPles were whom vertical profiles of intensity were Feasumd directlY. The broken line represents the intensity of filtered radiation, glvtig No correction has been applied for attenuation d~ to age, chract= of ‘~-out, nor for diffusion of surface water, bation~ ham not been Utilized. and final instrumental cali-

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sP*-13evices improvised here should be added to and perfected. It M now established that the fall-out cmtaminated the sea uniabout 200 feet in depth after one day, to about LOO feet in depth Future s~eys of this type should be sugolemntid by a much simpler ~tlc survey retieby fast moving ships or by ships and aircraft. -*,-.:...,. Because of these findings, it is to be urged that the development M techniquesfor detecting and identifflng contaminated sea areas,by aircraft b .Wy supportid and that these experimen~s be tied-in with surveys by 5 v~face vessels and with oceanographic studies.

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-i= Stations as k previous tests. All 137 stations with &27 detectors ml tesz should Held fair values of Wuhdown effectiveness even

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Fig. 6.L=3 and Fig. 6.lJ-~show some repsentative Cmulative doss-valuas respectively. Data on the cumulative not pt been reduced ~yond that tinm shoun since evaluation dose rate and dose rate has The reversal in relative magnitudes of dose rate forw and aft on effectiveness on different areas of the ships may be Adequata data ue~ obtained from this test but the calculations and evaluation of re suits will be done at USNRDL because of lack of personnel and time at the test site. l * Radiological Sumey and Photography A complete initial survey was performd on YAG 39. Because of huh dose rates only 75% of the weather surface sumey paints wre covered on TAG 40, altho@ the interior survey was completa. Sume y sup~ort uaS sup plied for both shiD and aircraft decontamination. Surveys included gThe camera station operated successfully but prelimin~ examination Of the film showed no evidence of gross fdhut. No expmimsnt al decontamination was performd. Operational mthods ‘hiPS’ personnel to excessive radiation dosage. YAG 39 was decontaminated first and was then used as a base of ‘.Wration for the decontamlnati.onof YAO LO. The average level on YAG 39

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~ -~due uill allow a 30 day trl.p without exceeding 3.9 r dosage for the crew. >*..,. The degart~ of certain Task Force ships delayed the decontamination of YAG LO because the trained decontamination personnel left vith them. As soon as otlmr personnel are obtained and trained, decent-inati~ will proceed. This decontamination will consist, in part, of the reunval of special protective coatings from all topside surfaces. It is estimated that this omration ulll req’ti 525 man-hours. The aircraft uere off-loaded aftar they had teen on the YAGs less than a reek. On the Able (YAG 39) akraft the left magneto drop-off w@e above tolerance but not excessive. No other damage ~u’ evident. Since the Baker (YAG 40) aircraft did shot no inspection was made aftirward. except minor corrosion not check out before the On the Able aircraft,decontamination was accompli-shedby use of hot liq~d jet ~th de~rgent, scrubbing with detergent, and scrubbing tith Gti, all in sequence. This treatment reduced the cockpit read tng from Fig. 6.4-5 shows the decontam3mation Etkocis and results on the Taking into account the difference in contamination levels on the at 7 hours after shot. contaminant was not visible on either aircraft. Beta radiation surfaces were 2 to S tires those on underside surfaces. Vertical

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2$g&~eBdi~~-a wide variation but no pattern seemed evibnt. The engine >- ~ont~ated to a greatir extent than previously. The carbonized exhaust .:;*:,? The time of instrument operation was set for 24 hours to allow.... -;-s~ltig Up to H +20 hours. Three air samplers h the fireroom of YAG LO *dsnd ons - sampler in tie fireroom of YAG 39 were not set up to o~rati ‘~@ause of lack of tim between shots. For the same reason surface s&nplers -:-uorenot sfftied to the walls of the hiler fidley spaces. “* Heavy rains which fell atmut %’ hours aftar shot t~ completi~ t ~~.bm below deck spaces and air sampler filter reels showed considerably more j wtivity than was observed on samples from pretious shotia All samples have been sent to USNRDL for anal.Ysis. Persomel Protection and Radiological Safety The usual support and services were supplied during recovery of the T~s2 recovery of the aircraft and samples, and during aircraft and ship

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As was done approximately a half effort sampling to collect the same total aiiount of cloud debris as on a full-scale effort by doubllng the in-cloud gamma radiation exposures for the single F-8hG aircraft which replaced a pair. As seen in Table 11.2-1, the results of this approach were approximately the same Only Red 1 and .* ‘dhite1 were able to increase their collection significantly over normal.- The periodicity of Red 1, iihite1, and Blw 1 in having large samples relative to the other F-8hG aircraft is a reflection of the arclike shape assuned by the cloud as a result of wind shear and the masking of the prhq cloud material by natural water vapor cloud. The above three *raft uere successively vectored to the same side of the cloud and exWrienced less gamma radiation shine fron cloud layers in which they were not flying than did the others. Because of the ~hape of the bomb cloud ad the associated vapor clod it U= ~fficfit ~ find a position for the Radiation intensities observed by the sa~p~ng aircraft wre, h :~~eralj lokwr than those found on other shots at corresponding ti~s ‘r-r hrst, The reason for this apyars to be excessive tind shear at ~ ‘aTling altitudes as xell as the diffic-dty Study of the spectral distribution

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A damage and radiation survey was conducted at H t 4 hours & This survey covered the islands of the atoll and was conclusive eno to limit reentry to hyu and Airuktiji”on the first day. This survey indicatid that recontamination was extensive throughout the atoll and lagwn both to the east and west. No signMicant secondary fall-out was encountered at Bikini as a result of this detonation. Lagoon water was heavily contaminated with radioactive sedirmt.— Reading% of 1 rh won? obtained at 100 feet altitude in the vicinity ~f zero c point 1 day. Floating objects revealed readings of 1 to 3 r/hr on shot day. Small boats ald barges in Bikini - Enyu anchorage w re contaminated ta a moderate degree (1 - 6 r/hr). Lagoon flushing through the southwest passage materially increased radiation levels in Enfirikku - Bokoro~u areas. Results are shoun in Table 7-1.. .