Operation Castle - Radiological Safety, Final Report - Volume II (Deleted) (Volume I Is Cic 0051031)

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Radiological Safety, Final Report Joint Task Force Seven Thisisan extract of Operation CASTLE, Volume Il. I ApprovuI for public rohsa Extracted version prepared for DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY

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Destroy this repo~ when it is no longer needed. Do not return PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY, ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH IT DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY YOUR ORGANIZATION.

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE NIA since Unclassified distribution is unlfmited. HQ, Join Task Force Seven Technics Branch, J-3 Divfsfon Defense Atomic Support Agency Radfologfcal Safety, Final Report; VolunE! II,Extracted Version 16 SUPPLEMENTARY NorAnor4 This reporthas had $ensftfve mf1itaryinformationremovedfn order to rovfde an unclassified verslonr~:fun~ns:t ~d:~tr:b::lon. The work was performed by the fense Nuclear AaencY in SUDOG t Personnel Review Promsm. FWLO I GROUP i SUS-GR04M Castle Thfs report fs desfgned to cover the overall Operatfon Castle radiological safety matters from the viewpoint of those fssues of dfrect concern to Headquarters, Jofnt Task Force Seven. It was wrftten for the express purpose ofassfsting In the development of future radiological safety plans by presenting detafled discussion of the problems and solutions arfsfng durfng All othudttlon$lrcobsOl@@. SSIFICATIONOF THIS SAGE

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classified material has been removed in ordes to make the information available on an unclassified?open publication ba8is, to any interested parties. The effort to declassify this report has been accomplished specifically to SUPPOrt the Department of Defense Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) program. The objective is to facilitate studies of the low levels of radiation received by some individualsduring the atmospheric nuclear test program by making as much informationas possible available to all interested parties. The material which has been deleted is either currently classified as Restricted Data or Formerly Restricted Data under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (as amended), or is National Security Information, or has been determined to be critical military information or equipment vulnerabilities and ist therefore, not The Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) believes that which could reveal system appropriate for open though all classified material has been deleted, the report accurately portrays the contents of the original. DNA also believes that the deleted material is of littleor no significance to studies into the amounts, or types, of radiation received by any individuals during the atmospheric nuclear test program.

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abouttldrt~five per cent of the the duringtho monthsof Marohthrough J* at levelsof about10,000 fed. The lowerportionof the graphshowe that southeaetthroughsouthweetwindshave occurredabouttwentyper cent of the tLae durq the aaawmnth8 at the same levele. The d$ff8rWCe8 are due to the high frequenoy of east-southeast wide at about 10$~0 and fact. A aught trend for higher occurrence of wide with mutliorlycomponentsis -cat al aa the seaaonprogressed. Extreme caremet be takm in drawingconolualonsfma tlwe data 1. Tho samplais =MLL. The k9,00CHoot data cond~t of lam than 2. The vafiationof Mrdiall Xs&nde weatherfor a given -nth durhg succeoatveyearamay be greaterthan the varlatlon during successivemnths. Note the high frequencyof eoutherlywinds and June. The weatherof Mrch 1951 constitutedmst of this 3. The data are tabulated for occh lavelwithoutrefaronceto adjavd.ndgra#iof Mwetok winds has been analyzedfor the period1 January throughu May 1954 (Inol2)* The M aloftat Eniwetok and Bildniwere The windewem mm eoutherlyat Bikinithan at Zniwetokdurimgthat p9riod; and B$kiniwkda are ebown tor coaiparlaonpurposes. From this graPh~ data were obtainedas to th. stitancoua occurrence of ~utherly WLIICMat

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Table2 tolletig, shows that ulnde with occurred aa freqxatly dwhg thue mnthe of amatherly components havo Note; Percentagefrequency of winds with southerly coqmants January, 1. The upper&da d- CASTLE were as favorable as past years for such an oporation;thlc wee a fairly ~normalmyear. ze ev~ fourtem times (i...2 thea in 28 cases)that finds Iunced southerly components at dl levds can be expectedto cccur 3* 3AV0 and ~~ wants of CASTIS occurred on tho boat poaaible favorabh of tho entire mxith. I(DON wa8 dstcaated on the n~ the next occurrences uf acceptable wind ccnditiom, the cuxiitions ware not aa ~rkedly acceptable as on former teet daya. The

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winds wws definitely mm favcmble at aikid than at EniwetOk. NECTARwas detmated on the vary next favorableday (Inol 2). whale with w utherly cmpOn2. WYmd Tiae Graph (2 Charts).

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KEY - SHAOEO AREAS- WINOS WITH SOUTHERLY COMPOWS ALL TIMES ANO OA. “ ALL TIMES ANO OATF

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WINO TIME GRAPH ,1 JANUARY THROUGH 14 FEBRUARY, 1954 ENIWETOK ATOLL, MI

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~ temporary washdcm system comhthg of hoaec and special Iao7zles connectedto the fim main system,like that used in IVY,was installed bya=wi%ina representativeon all nannedshipsangeged In CUTU, with the exception of the USS TA2@l?I. The TMAKOI?Lrepo~edto C’TG7.3 for applicators), an? this system was foumd quite satisfactoryarmiw88 used throughout the cpera~io~ as necessary. The t&eorybahiada ndsdown system ia that rad50actlve particles lanMng an adxy de~ till tend te settle in pores, cracks and fisaurea,whilen~ly al,Z of the aama particlea falling on a wet deck wtth -t er flowlxig,over it will be carried over the aide. This thea~ ta w.U boxne qut of the ahlpa in CAS~, including the experimentwith rne of whichcarried a w%e!!downayatem. The waahdowm contaminantion of weather surfaces to a small fractim on su-fares not protaated by a waahdown aysta=. by the results of what it waa It wea found I,atet= the operation that.large areaa of the aeafa euflaceare significantly radioactive after a ‘harga* shot. (Although there la no positive evidence oa the subject, there ~a reason to several huadred miles downwind from the ak~t site..8nd ~eraist fox

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acti-tityrsadting mainlyf ron mdiologtal fairlyeve8 throughthe area and droppedto at the edges. It is suspected that, iaefom zero ia Lest than a mile dofia~te, h a few craes sMps catered’aa area of thla type, mistook the re.diat10a from the contamfa~tad sea for fsUout~ and turnedon tha vaehdovn system. At aw ratq in some e~ee? the vaahdown syute~ did not reduce rad$at ion rmdingu. ReadingN.did reduce lharply at a later tima apparently when tha ship left the area whare radiation had been encountered. After leavtng: the..areas,shipe reportod radiation kad droppedto aimo at zero. , . The waehdownhose deteriomt sd aomevhat dkring the operntion; it mptured occasionally froiz the vater pressure, end lta porous ‘ The PC 15~ had hdy a low firs misi yap azpicityf so a P-@ , a. It wae difficdt to maintatn ship’s fire mainpumps. Thil water suction for the P-500 The problem was solved more or less satisfacto:ilyby using the firemain yxrpa only and decreasing the size of the weskbwn systen

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Curing-ogeratIon of the waahdewa on all ship. to Mve a few persanael system it waa found neceaa~ry topeidq and o.qo sed to rmht ion in order to clear fire main strrinors, replace ruptured hoses, &d to teke kinks out of”the hoees whea the wmhdown aysten waa first rectqle wes constwted “of20.ouace caavns. The tcramlia w?., treated WI* caavzs presemat ive for water prooflag. %cn i~ tarpatik WPS la ple.ce&t of the elevator the lidsewere retmd by use of conaected to f’roshwater xains below flocks. Tho ‘~;.thtuba was equipped ‘ se.tisfacto~ for koeyiag the body u.zcantecAnated,Fnd is nuch more All. uits 3: ~~ 7.3 wem given m c.tomic defanso ias+ction. on

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grrat ion of the ship, &.dittonal obeervers as required were obtPAned from other ships to assiat ia these IaeuectIons. The. .- Atomic Uefense Exercises wure conducted s@iM.rly to sttuzdard c Odlt*eaa rather than battleconditions.i’or exfmple, the problem usually strrted a8sumlag that a device h?d been eqlodad sever?.1hours before end. that”the ship was la a normal ltomniag ., numerms sncll deficietxics whichwere corrected. Lactures were given by the inspecting of fl:er end wero fcllovetby

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for the type shin. Tha; type standard $faa satlefactary in ell cases. sone of these SpaOOS,eepecie.lly~hen operating r.tor aeew full oring sgwco rather thea froa topaido, necessitating a lexge fZow even with tho ~msh&wn syatons in opcrrtion the enginocrlng spncee of s~i?s were contaminated much less then the weather dccks~ and~ deck parsonnel. These resulta mtht not heve boezrobtained W the ships been opexutlng ia fe.llout e.t full power. In tho absence of scientific confi~tion, the followhzg conJocturcs are made: spaces due to tkeir ~ize and weight. systmss, b3ilers end diesel engincse

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on board “the BMRQXO by two ~lectronics froa theSWf of CTG 7.31 This fboe me thea for calibration, end to repair all mi$ao imtmmenta which and mnlntermace of rmilaoeqtipmt. %nitorixigdrillswe- Wde redl etla by the uei uf reanomble concontrption for commniw. tions P,Z?cmtr~l pL~oses. Indiccte na ea8terly component, some of the emellor en& EZOW05

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ments far enrly Wliconter survey trips P.nd tha ee.zly ?ispetch by on Som shi~ll. At this tiac, all ships were ordered to tdce all size 0: pinlvxds, bogFn to frillon BAi~~,

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rembed 300 CM per hour, wi&h Mxl=mn concmtrutioa up to 475 m zeros Ustticee froa 20 to ~0 tiles. intensities in nllliroentgens per hour (genus only) of the chips the AI~~ AM *ILLP were the rnst”heF.vilycmtenia: ted ia the leter. It :8 believed tlmt mntmhmtion clung to the GI?SY longer thm to other 6!!$Q8beceuea of the conrlit:~nof her top rrxtioectlvwimtengity On the GYPSY WES her eizplo~-ezt the flr$t week cfter 3R&V0 to recover cmtm@&$au cheins en?. mo ring anchorod or aoomd in the southaaet porticn of the le;oon off - dotonntiono as it WEW -qot cocmidered practicable nov mfo to

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by ?ectir.ter.inc.tion~ersonzd who, ly this ti~c, were pble to >oprd tbe craft. All these neesurcs ~,eresuf?iciectlyof?cctive tti.t

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L&i.JJon.It will be noticedfm this 8p?ea~iXthatnest of the .fronCLSTLE end. wae enroute to Pearl Earbor, tstensitywae ae mush ae 20 = per hour at oae t-. not t e taken to eeu ii EULE GROW, ~ti=tareceive? noderate to there were ao re~iolo&cd haaltla is not ccmlote &t the time exception of LCGS and bargees to eaPll arees ouch m these skipsvcs lkited a nwaber of tines. b+ever, t.eciiitealnet ion meamrea kept

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mtiiologicti eqosuros of airctit personnel to low values. There were no raCiolo<icel!?mlth kazarde on cny nE-.*?elei.rc~aftwhen sea et shot ttie. We ‘YC was towed. to sea for each E XIXI shot.

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card foi each cording accunukted. ezpoauim of all persona attr.chod. These cautioned not to confuaa‘t~lmbe.tga daasi ties with filmb?fl<e riorawidely, preference kin.: ,Avan P.ople expected to m cotve

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on the USS BAIIUO rnd U’SSP91LIP, to rcceivc 011 board Ship. Exp08ures due to fmllcut from ainhm, end -em not of thenselves serious. F’= wore kept to a casespersonnelwith relatim ly h:..he.xposuws fron BRAVO received a conpe.rativelyannll additional expoaurw f roa ROKEO, but thla wee Uuevoi?&ble. Wllout frem RMEO of reletiwly men inteasity All shots caused oxposum of sam personaul due to tie neceusity hoe.tpool end helicopter personnel bore the emnt of cxpoaum frcua doconteainationas uuch es practicable; nevefiheless, the Y& perhe in laxe part to the neceseity for using a ther personnel used to decontanixu=.te “end to Y& personnel to mqervlse +pen(’lx U*Y is a tabulation of c.ccuxmle.ted expo surea by units as of 12 Nmy 19*. at the tine of writiai”’tiis erpoauxa records fms Tc.akUnit 7 have not been final recorda are expecced to be not materially rqo =t the find

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tits to rqofi weeldy the atiqr of over 7.8. TMa necessitated two types of expoeurw rapcrta fro= in wr.terwhere rr~iiectiv,e htcnsity a fow feet ahom the +ace somewhat conttinate~~ but not to suctLa degree es to, in itselfI

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for e few heura after mch expeeums seond to have wry little tenfnatloa no re then natural rsd.ioactlve ~ ocay. Yresh Wter fron fallmt’ following a nuclear ground burst, ayste~a, nor for fear ef Centemination of diatillc?.frcan wataro

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%; Ships equipped with ‘efficient water spray eyetens can geretmnel decontaninatioa my both bo reducoil by rcquirlng thnt for eklps lB uneati&@to~ becauee i t will net withstead large areas of the eeab eurface ae much as tne hud-re’.niles frtzatbo site of the

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eseas can eaeilg. . yrttcigetin in future operations. persor.nalbo arailabl e to hadle tho pkotodosinetw WWmZI for entire Task I’orce;without undue delay. siailar to th?kt af CA=s Iao planned for future operations. tain a filter *l& will pernit Iarm volmee of air ‘5 enter exy:ineoring space 8 tithout introduotion of si<nificsz radiation anginee ring spaces *en the ventilation is shut down in p.reparetion for or fo~owing atoaiu attack. S. That Unit and Force Casaanters be prepared to eccept z s~eeds era to be aaiatained prwceedhg or fellowi%- an atmic atteck...

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with a moo ther’ outer nothoda of cliatixbtishing falluut radiatlea frtm contasiar.te~ (2) A rqid aethed of securing P.11unnecessary ventiletioa, s@ as a rxisterswitch. (J) dr supply ducts for diesel en;ines to tcke air from out site the a>ip uroct to the ex@30s WI thout contzct with air and construction us follows: (1) Educe the stze of the bathtub”. It is OQY neceesery for the ctxrre.etub to extend a short?.iat=co beyon~ tho

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(2) Cmstruct the tub of som mtiqmof or icqorne?.ble tkat are e&8iIy contasfnated and Mf f loult to Cecontaainate. the dock to prevent tha can-s fron billowing up due to mtos dewnw8sh. (4) COnst~t sides of the tub so they Pra inflatablefor eano of iastallatloa an< to eneblo aircraft to be putiad.out of tub Instead of havtn: to fly out. froah water to fll.-btdeck. tick m inuteed of P+M to rrise rcpresontatiw test waeht.wn eqq.l?ncntof ships with low fire nain ccpaci ty ?rio r dqarture ?Sstribution than tke Operatton Plan itself: PM that unclassifid. . mxisef e instmctioas and t~~omat Ion ha clisttibutcdwidely to ?ersonnel of Al tits.

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In nremratica for CAS15?I, BuS!itm instituted 8 nrogram to insure staff officers, and was aucceaaful =cept that C?-o~/?ZJ1awere not available. In additlcn, CTG 7..3ma assigned a peel of ra?.iac instmments As a readt of -e by all aktns, the following evaluation of radiac inatrumants ia nude: &T/pg?--lga?~* Thae instruments were fouad to be reliable an?.ver3 or A2J/?3?-2~’s.These instruments we~e also founa to ba reliable

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wa- thoroughlymonitored by the u60 of aor- ratiac iastrumpnts, It was not foundnecessaryto use smncial water monitoring dwic’s~ ‘lhem are indic$,tlonathat the a~ecial watzr monitoring radiac instrucmntation devised for In would have %een unreliable after initial P%posurc to Z&lng IJ4.S’E3,alargo number of battcrloa wero found to bc lfdcadn whoa brought out of ctoregs, though placed ia C013 stomz, It is posaiblo tiny vara ‘&ca&n before being -laced in sto~c. In addition, a Invcntcriw of eaam source was used ainc? it met the sp~cificationsof instruction books for rmair usually had no faikarc

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board ship by the Yevel %sk Group for one rd.iatioa Sourcebc taken en calibration of M07 Inatmncntam vcntorica in future omorationu.

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cblo so that OTU 7.3.3 had a totsl of earn lieatSlletion *tura Authorities aad the swultc * kadon, for ‘h iafmzatioa of TIU is aa c.p;:reaiably~ator effort then

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ubm a hatohfell oh thaidi~. k additi~a to t! raquirsaata ocre of thadcd, a ksri~ of lXLWM Death krfi.floatawsa reqfdxd RocUeaof tha thodwno kapt rdrigamtod b the supinapositloa uaW provud to bt3a uonvoaioatA tor atoragoad traaqmrtettcn of tha

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WUUM prabablyaot bs nsowaaryo cmplotod ;rlar to arrivalia the fmward area. e. That a YASO.-l Gmrd be sat up whmover two or nara ships with m&cl cffioars are present in the sera VW nitiyla a l-gmn bo put into affactby tho ~ Mspcns?.ryShcda.it

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intcmait~ reac&nga it waa mutaadly qreed not to authorisaevaeuticn ad uaa glvon to do so.. me neCativo.anauerto tho flint request