Memo to J C Bugher, Subject: Radiological Safety Regulations, Operation Castle

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Director, Division of Biology 1. Attached hereto is Annex I and 2. Due to the special nature of field tests such as Operation CASTLE, it is the optiion of this headquarters that a polic~ of stri!t adherence to the radiological standards prescribed for nxtlne wn?k M not realistic. The intent in the attached &nex is to strive for a reasonable and safe compromise considering conservation of personnel exposures, the international *ort of the tests and the cost aspects of delays chargeable to excessive radiological precaut~onss 3. It is requested that you review the attached Annex I snd and/or approval in order that the on-site operation order may reflect \a set of rules mutually acceptable to all concerned. 4. A s5&Lar letter has been forwarded to the Surgeons General of Appendbc to Joint Task Force Operation CASTLE Radiological in detail. Operation Order ,,,,.,!?%::.OperationOrder 1-53 in which the “:’~-$fl:hasbeen designed to delineate the,. &io!i.pantsin the operation preparatory to the over~e phase. This order will subsequently be superseded by Operation Order 2-S3 to be issued during the fall of 1953 and which will be the primary direct~ve upon which the on-site phase of operations will be based. ;

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HEADQUARTERS,Joint Task Force SEVEN Annex I to CJTF SEVEN Operation Order No. 1-53 safety of all task force military and civilian personnel responsibilityand radiological safety activities will through normal ccsnmandchannels. 2. The Commander, Joint Task Force SEVEN will: a. Specify the measures necessary to insure the radiological safety of task force prsonnel and furnish technical advisory assistance to task group radiological safety officers. b. Inform CINCPAC of radiologicalhazards which may exist in areas outside of task force responsibility. c. Maintain an information center (RadSafe Office) with displays of current air and surface radexes, radiological situation maps of atolls and peripheral aerial and surface areas and such other allied data as may be appropriate. d. Designate monitors and couriers to accompany radioactive and special cargo shipnents on sample return aircraft$ and monitor loading and unloading of such cargo. 3. Prior to the on-site operational phase$ task group commanderswill: a. Organize radiological safety units or elements within their task b. Require radiological safety personnel to review radiological safety procedures employed on previous operations and become thoroughly acquainted with existing training measures through attendance at radiological safety personnel to become qualified in the and testing of standard RADIAC equipnent. complete all-antes of RADIAC equipnent and special clorequirementsof CTG 7.5 will be included ti the allowances for necessary issue to TG 7.5 personnel during the operational phase and for subsequent loan or saie to CTG 7.5 for POSL operational use at the proving ~~de 40 The Commander, TG 7.1, having major technical radiologicalsafetY unit$ will prepare to perform the following radiologicalsafety services at ENIWETOK and BIKINI ATOLIS (using space provided by CTG 7.3 a. All ground monitoring services associated with scientificmissions except those in conjunctionwith aircraft and airborne collection of

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b. Laboratory services and technical assistance to all task groups, (1) Procurement of film badges and specified 8upplementaryiteme of personnel radiological safety equipento. (2) Laboratory services to develop and interpret film badges. furnished task group comman (5) provision of primary facilities at PARRY ISLAND radiological safety building for calibrationsrepair and maintenance of instruments and storage of spare parts of RADIAC eqyipment. Similar limited facilities will be maintained at BIKINI during the operational.phase at (6) Monitoring the removal and packaging of radioactive sources and samples except as fidicated in paragraph f+aabove. c. Provision of radiological safety surface situation maps after shot times to the task force ccnmuanderand the the task groups requiring d. Procurement and issuing of special high density goggles to specified personnel of the task force. e. Procurement of radiological safety clothing as necessary for TG 7.1, TG 7.5 ad specified recovery personnel. f. Provision of technical personnel to inspect radiologicallycontaminated items for all task groups and certify destruction disposal, or unserviceabilityof such items as required. g. Provision of personnel and equipment decontaminationfacilities for RadSafe survey and recovery operations. h. Limited fall-out studies within the Pacific Proving Ground for radiologicalsafety documentation only. ing the overseas phase of operation. nel made available by CTG 7.5. Such personnel will assist CTG 7.1 during the operational phase and will be assigned duties amenable to training in the fundamentalradiological safe}y services to be assumed by CTG 7.5 upon completion of the overseas phase of the opera5. The Commander, TG7.2wiU prepare to perform the following: a. All ground monitoring services associated with ENIWETOK ISLAND,

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except in those areas or activities assigned to other task groups. b. Provision and training of own radiological safety monitors~ 50 of which will.be 11Q18cleared for emergency monitor support of TG 7.1 if c. Provision and training of own contaminationpersonne19 10 of which will be designated for emergency decontaminationsupport of TG 7.1 if Provision of own RADIAC equipnent and protective clothing. Provision of own repair, spare parts and calibration facilities Provision of contaminated clothing Provide and train own radiological airborne monitor for each multi-engine laundry facilities for TG 7.4. safety monitorsn including one aircraft crew assigned to TG b. Provide own RADIAC equipnent and protective clothing. c. Provide monitors and decontaminationcrews aboard each ship within the task group. d. Provide own repair9 spare parts and calibration facilities for e. While task force is embarked~ provide space for use of the radiof. Provide decontaminationfacilities for own aircraft. Limited assistance will be furnished by CTG ‘?.f+if required. Provide necessary helicopter air service for radiological surveys Collect lagoon water SSJIlpleS. Provide water spray equipment aboard all vessels likely to be in Provide and train own radiological safety monitors$ including one airborne monitor for each multi-engine aircraft crew assigned to TG b. Provide own RADIAC equipnent and protective clothing. c. Provide own repair, spare parts and calibration facilities for

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d. Provide primary decontaminationcrews and facilities for aircraft at ENIWETOK ISLAND and limited crews and facilities at the BIKINI airf. Provide necessary helicopter and liaison air service for radiological surveys and post-shot recovery operations (monitors furnished g. Provide monitoring services for the removal and packaging of radioactive samples or data collected by aircraft. h- Provide cloud tracking aircraft for post-shot radiologicalsafety rant for period of 48 hours, starting at ap roximately H plus 6 hours i. Promulgate the air radex for each shot. j. EstabUsh a simple code tmbe used in conjunctionwith the periodic weather reconnaissancereports to report approxhate air radiation intensities encountered on regularly establishedweather reconnaissance or cloud tracking flights. 8. The CormnanderjTG 7.5 will prepare to$ a. Develop a schedule of requirements for radiological safety services required from CTQ 7.1. b. Provide and train key radiologicalpersonnel for integration into and training with the radiological safety organizationof TG 701 during the overseas phase of the operation. The total.number and qualificationsof such personnel will be as determined necessary by ted in 8c~ below. c. Assume residual task force radiological safety functions at the Pacific Proving Ground upon completion of the overseas phase of the operation. Required eqpipcent and supplies will.be made available at that time9 to CTG 7.5 on a loan or sale basis from stocks prwided by 9. Trtitig. The inclusion of radiological safety organizationsthroughout the task force will require two general levels of training; basic indoctrinationand technical training. The scope of instructionwithin each of these levels till.vary in accordancewith the requirements of different operational and staff levels. Basic indoctrinationwill measures and techniques. This must be tiparted to all personnel of the task force to enable thereto perform their assigned duties efficiently within the allowable low exposures9 regardless of the presence of radioactive contaminants. Technical training w-illinclude the training of the majority of the personnel who will be required to staff the task force radiological safety organizationsand perform

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the technical operations involved. This will be accomplished through the utilization of adsting Service courses and estab13Aunentof suitable courses at task group level. This instructionwill be designed . to train radiologicaldefense monitors, decontaminationpersonnel and radiological instrument repairmam , Major General, U.S. Army Assistant Chic of Staffs J-3

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Appendix to Annex I WQUARTERS$ Joint Task Force SEVEN CJTF SEVEN Operation Order No. 1-53 The Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) for personnel involved in this operation is 3.9 roentgens~ gamma Only$ unless reduced because of previous or anticipated future exposure. Au exposure to exkernal gamma radiation wil.lbe regarded as total.body irradiation. Special MPE of 20 roentgens~ gazznaonly~ is authorized for crew membere of air sampling aircraft. The msximum permissible exposures as stated above are applicable to a field experimentaltest of nuclear devices in peacettie~wherein numbers of personnel engaged in these tests have been previously exposed or wiLl be continuouslyexposed to potemtial radiation hazards. It may become necessary from a study of personnel records to reduce the NPE for certain individualswho have partici~ted recently in other atomic tests. Under a military tactical situation or emergency the maximum permissible exposures above do All ato~ land and.lagoon areas in or near which a detonation takes place will be considered contaminateduntil cleared for operations by the task force commander. Entry to and exit from contaminatedareas will be via RadSafe check points only. Contaminatedland areas of intensities greater than 100mr/hr will be delineated as such; Personnel entering these areas must be accompanied by a monitor and will be subject to clearancesby the RadSafe Officer, TG 7.1. RadSafe clothing and equipnent till be issued to the personContaminated land areas of intensities less than 100mr/hr and greater than 10 mr/hr nil.l.be controlled areas; Personnel entering these areas till be subject to clearance by the RadSafe Officer of TG ‘?’o1o Monitors till nd be required for entry into these controlled Contaminatedland areas of intensities less than 10 mr/hr will be considered unrestricted from a RadSafe viewpoint. Areas coming within this limitationwill be designated specificallyby CJTF SEVEN prior to unrestricted entry. I?adSafemonitors assigned to individuals or groups working in contaminated areas or with contaminatedequipment during recovery operations will act in an advisory capacity to keep the recovery party leader informed of radiation intensities at all times. The recovery party leader is expected to accept this advice and act accordingly” It is the responsibilityof both the leader and the members of the recovery party to adhere to the limits established h these regulaFilm badges$ dosimeters and protective clothing (coveraW$ booties, caps$ gloves~ dust respirators etc.) as deemed necessary will be issued to personnel entering contaminatedareas.by appropriatetask

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Radiological Safety Regulations group RadSafe supply sections. All.personnel within viewing distance of an atcmic detonation who are not supplied with protective goggles will turn away from the detonation point and close their eyes during the time of burst. At least 10 seconds should bk allowed before looking directly at the burst. The arrival.snd proposed use of radioactive sources at the Pacific Proving Ground will be reported to the Task Force Radiological Safety All samples of radioactive material which are couriered in aircraft will be packaged and loaded so as to red-me radiation to a fitimo The RsdSafe Officer of TG 704 will have a survey made of the packAge to determine if adequate precautions have been taken. The following criter%a will determine space and packaging requirements: a. Prior exposure of aircraft and courier personnel. ‘b. Anticipated future exposures on trip. c. Length of time of exposure on trip. d. In all cases~ crew members till be limited to exposure rates of All,air and surface vehicles or craft used in contaminatedareas will “bechecked through the appropriatetask group decontaminationsection upon return from such areas. The Maximum Pemnissi.b.leLimits (MPLs) of contaminationlisted herein are to be regarded ay advisory limits for control of contamination under average conditions and are subject to revision by waiver from the task force commander in individuallydesignated cases when extenuating circumstancesindicate the need and justificationtherefor. All readings of surface contaminationare to be made with Gei er coun- $ters$ with tube walls not substantiallyi.nexcess of 30 mg/cm with shield opens The surface of the probe should be held one (1) inch to two (2) %ches from the surface that is under observationunless otherpersonnel~ with measurements made using standard equipment and~ech- 1 niques for such exposur~. Special instances may arise after shot t:imesuch as in the case of an air-sea rescue within the atoll lagoon \ and inside the surface ~adex in which rescue operationswill be carried out,w~ e-zw&e%egieeA-haza&& Monitors /alxard rescue craft shall be required to determine the extent of the actual radiation hazard experienced in order that appropriate medical j considered applicable to spotty conta.mirationprovided such areas can be effectively isolated from personnel. a. Personnel and clothing MPLs are as follows:

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Radiological Safety Re~ tions (J-)Skin readings should not be more than lmr/hr. Complete decontaminationby bathingw~ be utilized for readings in excese of this level. Beta radiation exposure to the hands should not exceed (2) Underclothingand body equipnent such as the internal surfaces of respirators should be reduced to 2mr/hr. b. Vehicle MPIs: The interior surfaces of occupied sections of vehicles should be reduced to 7 mr/hr. The outside surfaces of vehicles should be reduced to less than 7 mr/hr, gamma only, at five (5) or six (6) inches from the surface. (1) Operational clearances, implying that contaminationexists commanding officers on the technical advice of radiologicaldefense staff members. In peacetime~ a maximum fixed contaminationlevel of 300mr/week ordinarily will not be exceeded except for will be used as the upper l&nit for Woperationalnecessity unless otherwise specificallyraised or loweredo Ftied alpha contaudnation should not exceed 500 cpn (counts per minute) per 150 cm2 of area. (2) For ships and boats operating in contaminatedwaters, reasonable allowanceswill be made to differentiatebetween the relative contributionto the total flux from ftied contaminationand that due to t~shine~rfrom contaminatedwaters. For this operation it will be assumed that not more than ten percent of the radiation flux entering the vessel through the sides is due to contaminationwhich will remain fixed on the vessel upon reentry to uncontaminatedwaters. Ships and boats encountering levels of contaminationgreater than determined by the above will.request special instructions. (3) Final clearances, normally granted by commanding officerss will be given upon completion of the operation provided no point of contaminationis greater than 15 mr/day (beta and gamma) and no detectable alpha exiets. (4) In general, boats operating in waters near shot islands after shot times nuw become contaminated. Monitors shall be aboard all boats operating after shot time$ either ss p=sengers or members of the boat crew$ until such time as radiologicalrestrictionsare . (5) NO ships with personnel sh~be permitted hide the 1.5 p.s.i line unless specificallydirected otherwise. Bearings of danger from hmediate radioactive fall-out for ship operationswill be establishedby CJTF SEVEN on the basis of forecast wind directions at the intended time of detonation. This danger section will.be designated as surface radex. All ships of the task force shall be required to remain outside the surface radex - danger bearings radial limitation and time restriction. However@if ships are directed tactically

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Radiological Safety Regulations into the surface radex~ movement of ships shall be governed by tactical exposure guides. (6) Individuals on board ships of the task force shallbe protected collectivelyfrom hazards of blast, heat and radioactivityby movement of the shipso (7) It is desired to petit out that …