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MARSHALLESE EXPOSED TO FALLOUT FROM ~ BIKINI TEST Since our last memorandum on this subject dated January 17, 1967, the complete annual medical survey of the people of Rongelap Island has been carried out by a team of physicians from the United States and the Trust Territory headed by Dr. Robert A. Conard of the Medical Department of Brookhaven National Laboratory. One new case with a thyroid nodule was discovered. This additional case was in a 17-year old boy who had been away on an outlying atoll and, consequently, had not been examined for several years. At this time, in the group exposed at an age of less than ten years, 16 of a total of 19 children (84 percent) have developed thyroid pathology. of these 16 chil&en, two have displayed hypothyroidism. It appears that these two boys showing growth retardation have had a spurt in growth under treatment with thyroid hormone. The remaining 14 children have had thyroid nodules. Nine have been treated surgically. These nine children plus two adults who have received surgery were all found to be in good condition with no further apparent thyroid abnormalities: Five children with thyroid nodules are receiving thyroid medication. The thyroid nodties in two of these children showed significant regression; of the other three, one is the new case, and the other two chiltien are not felt to have received an adequate trial on this therapy. A decision regarding surgery has been postponed until intensive thpoid hormone medication can be tried. Dr. Conard reports no other noteworthy medical findings and no unusual illnesses or diseases that could be related to radiation effects. Division of Biolo~ and Medicine