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lRIE RESEARCH AND DZVEUPMENT PROGRAM IN BIOMEDICAL FIELDS BIOIDGICAL RESEARCY, OAK RIDGE NAT IO IW LAKEfAmY A t the Biology Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, t h e Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company carries out the largest biomedical program under Oak Ridge Operations. The ORNL Biological Research Program consists of a W'ith effects of all kinds of radiations on living material, plant and " group of long-range basic activities in quantitative biology concerned3 inheritance, a l t e r biological processes, and modify the normal biochemistry of cells and tissues. a r e major contributions t o the world's knowledge of biological hazards from radiation, and are indicating the possible means for alleviation or prevention of radiation effects. of mammalian recovery from radiation damage, and new developments of chemical protection a r e under expanded study beginning with FY 1956. large-scale mouse genetics experiment continues t o provide significant information on changes caused by ionizing radiation i n the germ plasm a t several dose levels, including a proposed expansion to mch lower total dose and chronic exposure beginning i n FY 1956. Special efforts are being made to compare e f f e c t s of neutrons with those caused by other radiations, on inheritance, on the production of leukemia, tumors, cataracts, and changes inthe vascular system. The exparimental studies are demonstrating how radiations change The fundamental data being provided by t h i s program Studies are under way toward enhancement FY 195b FY 19% FY 1956 FY 1957 BIOPHYSICS RESEARCH AND TRAINING, OAK PIDGE NATIONAL LABoRBT0RY A t the Health Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, t h e Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company undertakes research ard development, plus training. i n the Drotection of individuals from radiation hazards. Ihe rom ioniaiqg radiations and neutron exposures, (b) establishment of wendable permissible levels of radiation exposure, (c) establishment &ation of procedures f o r control of radioactive wastes, and (d) Iment of pertinent physical, chemical, biological, and engineering, i t h bearing on problems of human protection. Cooperative reeearch \ ns are pursued with such agencies as the U.S. Public Health Service, ny Corps o f Engineers, and t h e U. S. Geological Survey.
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Health Physics Division, ORNL. FY 1951!t FY 1955 FT 1956 FY 1957 CANCER RESEARCH,-16EDICAL DIVISION, OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR STUDIgS The ORINS Cancer Research Program emphasizes investigations on use of radioactive materials i n treatment of carcar and related diseases, and concentrates on these medical problems t h e accumulated specialized techniques and knowledge available through the several laboratories a& their scientists in Oak Bidge. Medical research methods, carried through the develspmental stages, become released from ORINS f o r mass evaluation and application i n other hospitals and the affiliated medical schools o f development and evaluation with medical centers throughout t h e nation of teletherapy equipment, adis currently testing a kilocurie rotating cesium unit in Oak Bidge. leader i n the standardization of Iodine-131 internal dose as applied t o radiochemical therapy, and is participating in studies of low-level iodine counting i n the thyroids of the mammalia. A 30-bed hospital facility stimulates and secures ORINS Medical Division has pioneered cooperative I n addition, ORINS i s serving as a pioneer and ORINS, Medical Division, Cancer Research Program. FY 1954 FJI 1955 FY 1956 FY 1957 The UT-IEC Program inOak Ridge, operated for the Commission by the University of Tennessee under contract, has as i t s principal objectives (1)t h e accomplishment of research nith in Commission and University of Tennessee interests. These interests primarily concern the metabolism and biological effects of fission product elements and similar materials, and studies of their access t o domestic animals i n foodstuffs and i n the drinking water. Such studies are considered of programmatic importance but also of basic application t o long-range agriculture. ( 2 ) Another objective of the UT-AlE Program i s t o use to full effectiveness the external radiation field available for < , under partial or whole support by the University, are carried out on the , physiology and nutrition of the domestic animal as theg bear on radiobiology, - ... pathology, and reproduction. Training ac tivitieer f o r graduate students and the military area portion of tbis program. an average scientific and technical man-year effort of 17.0 (Reimbursible) Operates ata net Commission annual cost of $220,000 a t
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BIOHIYSICS RESEARCH, MCUND LABORATORY, MIAMISWJRG, OHIO The biophysics research program at Mound Laboratory, operated f o r the Commission by the Monsanto Chemical Company, has devoted its efforts during the past five years t o studies of the toxicity and the pathology produced i n experlmental animals by highly-energetic alpha-particle endtkers imporwnt t o the atomic energy program. The elements studied have principally been polonium and actinium. polonium which have shown that whole-life chronic doses in rate a t three times the Mound Laboratory working tolerance are ineffective in causing pathology, that probably the critical organ for first detectable pathology i n the mammal i s the kidney, and that polonium gives rise t u marked changes in cell growth and behavior. preparation on these subjects and on the toxicity and pathology of radioactinium and i t s daughter products. Mound Laboratory has been supported at a level of about 30 sci en tiff c - tech icd man-years a t an annual operating cost of $500,000. this phase of research will cease a t Mound Laboratory. A t present the manpower isin the neighborhood of twelve man-years, and all but three of the personnel have, t o date, arranged for placement elsewhere a t the fiscal year end. Studies have been completed on the toxicity of A series of final reports is in The biophysics program a t