The Radiological Status of the Bikini People

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This report summarizes the events with which I am familiar concerning the radiological findings on the people of Bikini and the events necessitating their removal again.* 1. Evacuation of the People and Early Surveys In 1946, in preparation for the atomic bomb test program (Operation Crossroads), the 166 Bikini natives were moved first to Rongerik atoll, which proved to have insufficient natural resources, then briefly to Kwajalein, and finally in November 1948 to Kili island in the southern Marshalls. This island has been unsatisfactory in many ways, particularly since it lacks a lagoon to furnish the type of f i s h to which the Marshallese were accustorncd. The forced change in diet contributed markedly to the inability of these people to adjust to Kili island. In the 10 years after the atomic bomb testing ended with the moritorium in 1958, Bikini had become overgrown with out on several occasions and a complete survey was done in 1964, at which time it was decided that the safety of the people returning permanently to the area might be endangered. at the request of the Secretary of the Interior. The gamma dose that time was about the same as in the U.S. in the beach areas of the island, but higher in the interior. Pandanus, coconut meat and milk, as well as coconut crabs all contained substantial amounts of 137Cs and 90Sr. Brief radiological surveys of the island had been carried A detailed survey was made in April-May 1967 2. Ad Hoc Committee Meeting The AEC convened an --ad hoc committee consisting of 8 scientists to consider if Bikini atoll was suitable for human habitation with regard to radiological hazards. Members and associates of the 1967 survey team presented their findings and also the committee was briefed by Dr. Jack Tobin, an anthropologist, who was expert in Marshallese culture. Dr. P. F. Gustafson presented a summary report of the radiological data based on living patterns on s i k i n i Island. He concluded that, "it is unlikely that the wholebody exposcrs or the exposures to specific organs including bone will exceed 4 rads in 5 years, 15 rads in 30 years, or 30 rads in 7 0 years". After reviewing t h e available data, the --ad hoc committee concluded that, "the exposure to radiation that could result from repatriation of the Bikini people Zid not offer a significant threat to their health and safety." (See ~ t z s c k 2copy of report.) They recommended a number of measures to * In view ci -s.y retirement in several months, I thought it might be desirable to write ?:-is brief report.

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reduce radiation exposure. In retrospect, as a member of the committee, I believe that, based on the data available at that time, the decision to allow the people to return to Bikini was justified. It should be remembered that radiation measurement techniques then were not as sophisticated as those available today; that the surveys of Bikini were far less extensive than those subsequently carried out at Enewetak atoll; and that exposure pathways of radioactive materials in the environment are better understood at this time. The recommendation regarding continued regular radiological surveillance of the returning people, to which I was assigned the responsibility, was a very important one since in this way any unexpected findings with regard to body burdens of radionuclides could b e detected and corrective measures immediately instituted. It was because of this careful monitoring that the recent unexpected rise of body burdens of the people living on Bikini was detected, unfortunately necessitating the re-evacuation of the people. Since there were few food plants growing on Bikini for evaluation at the time of the 1967 survey, there was uncertainty regarding the extent of the radioactive uptake to be expected in the newly planted food crops (pandanus, coconuts, etc.). Thus the committee recommended that the first food crops be grown on Eneu and the first village settlement be made at that site. This was not carried out, probably because many of the people did not own land on Enau and wanted their village established on Bikini Island. recommended that several inches of topsoil be removed around the newly planted pandanus, that the village area be covered with clean coral and that the coconut crab population be reduced. It was also It should also be pointed out that though regular personnel monitoring of the people and environment was recommended, it was not the intent of the committee that medical examinations, as such, be conducted since expected exposures from living on Bikini would be so low that such examinations would not be indicated. held sick call and medical examinations for humanitarian reasons, but not f o r the purpose of checking any possible radiation effects. Therefore the medical teams passing through Bikini have On August 12, 1968, President Johnson announced that the people of Bikini could return to their home atoll and plans for redevelopment and resettlement were initiated with responsibilities assigned to AEC, DOI/TT and DOD for various aspects of the program. from the TT and AEC visited Kili and explained the recommendations of the ad -hoc committee and the plans €or repatriation. Later I also visited Kili and briefed the people on the recommendations of the committee and discussed our plans for p?.rsonnel monitoring. samples for radiochemical analyses. Shortly after this, officials At that time we collected baseline urine 3 . Cleanup and Reconstruction at Bikini The cleanup was accomplished during the latter half of 1969. &host This was followed by planting many tiwusands the enki re island of Bikini was bulldozed to rid the island of scrub mh. of casomlt trees, pandanus and breadfruit and construction of 40 concrete block in a ten= work camp on Enue and commuted to Bikini 7 miles away. L t this time some 30 TT agricultural and construction workers lived

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By 1972 several Bikini families had moved to the atoll and along with workmen moved over to Bikini Island to live. They first lived in temporary housing left over from the testing program, but moved into the concrete houses several years later when they were completed. Since that time several other families moved to the atoll and the number of people increased from 60-70 to 143 (many new children) at the time of the su-rvey in 1978. In August 1978 they were reiioved from the island down to Kili again, During the cleanup operation on Bikini another radiological survey was conducted. The results of this survey showed that radiation levels were not very different from those reported in the 1967 survey. Following this a number of surveys were made at Bikini, plotting external radiation levels and radiological analyses of air, soil, water, plants and marine life. I will not attempt to summarize the results in this report. These surveys were carried out by various groups including teams of scientists from the University of Washington, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and a comprehensive group from Brookhaven National Laboratory. build homes in the interior of the island in 1975 resulted in more extensive surveys on Bikini which showed levels in the interior of the island to be prohibitive as home sites. It was also found that higher levels of activity than had been estimated were present in pandanus and breadfruit and resulted in restriction of consumption of these homegrown products. These findings were discussed with the people of Kili by U.S. officials and caused considerable unrest and unhappiness among these people, resulting in unfortunate accusations against us in the light of our earlier statements about the radiological safety of the island. This also resulted in a threatened suit against the U.S. with plans to have another medical team examine the people, etc. The threat of this suit soon abated when the lawyers were assured that there would be an aerial survey of all the northern Marshalls, including Bikini Atoll, which is now in progress. Urinalyses: Collections have been made annually on people living on Bikini for radiochemical urine analyses. Health and Safety Laboratory of DOE until 1977 and in DOE-sponsored laboratories at Hanford, L o s Alamos, and more recently at BNL. The principal radiological isotopes measured were 137Cs and 90Sr and, more recently, Medical DepLrtment here at BNL but recently responsibility has been transferred to a group in our Safety & Environmental Protection D i v . under DrJ.fiidu. These analyses were done by the These analyses were formally coordinated by our rneasurcnent for 1 j I C s ) has been carried out using a "shadow shield" type of facLlL.",yusing radiation-free lead bricks, which we had constructed for our SL-Z~S at Rongelap and Utirik. This facility has been set up in an airconeicioned trailer aboard ship. Counts on the Bikini people were carried OLE in 1974 and 1977 under the direction of Dr. S . Cohn (Medical Departnex) and in 1978 by Messers R. Miltenberger and N. Greenhouse

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During this period both urine and gamma spectrographic analyses showed body burdens of 137Cs and 90Sr i n people living at Bikini to be well below the maximum permissible body burdens and about % of the levels of the Rongelap people who were also measured during that period. The annual dose tothe bone marrow in the Bikini people was estimated t o be about 20-22 mad from the internal exposure. This indicated that they had largely been subsisting on food furnished from the TT, since availability of locally grown foods was minimal. Coconuts, breadfruit and pandanus had not yet reached At the the of the visits of our team to Bikini, the people were informed about our findings. and were advised not to eat locally grown foodsabout the presence of low levels of Pu in their urine in 1975, with the people i n 1977 they admitted they were eating some foods grown of radiation exposure on Bikini were comparable to that of people living in some other areas in the world, such as those living at high altitudes (e.g. Denver, Colorado), and that no detect i ble effects were noted i n people who lived in these areas. They were told of the presence of radioactive Sr and C s They were also advised During this period we were able to report to the people that levels 2. The Plutonium Finding: I n 1975 the Health and Safety Laboratory reported that urine samples 239,240pu_ - ~ tfrom the Bikini people showed the presence of low levels of was known that low levels of pu were present on Bikini in the soil, catchment water,plants,etc. Since the levels reported were at the lower range of detection (0.009 5 0.002 pCi / liter) and the standard error of counting at these levels was large,there was some doubt that the measurements were A calculation of body burden at this level of Pu excretion revealed that the isotope could not exceed 10% of the MPBB. Although levels are very lowl diet seems t o be t'ne most probable source of Pu i n urine. Samples of soil on Bikini had shown Pu t o be less than the 40 pCi/g established as the upper level for the Enewetak survey. The Transuranium Task Group (qdvisory group to the =C) w3s asked t o review the Bikini data. Dr. Bair,Chaim m of the Committee, reported that, " i f taken a t face value, the risk [ tothe peoDle living on Bikini ] would be very small". Contamination of the urine samples was considered a possibility. Recent samples of Bikini urine s (1977-1978) analyzed at the Los Alamos Laboratcry, have revealed very low levels of Pu. arrance?. for the Health Aide from Bikini, wno was i n Washington, DC,for Congressional Hearings, t o have Americium-241 counts done in a special fac ili kyat hTU by Dr. N. Cohen. (Americium i s known t o be present with Pu.) The results; were negative for Americium and presumably a l s o for Pu. the 1c.v.l evels of Pu present in the people are probably not radio logically Several months a50 we

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During this period an increase i n body burdens of 137Cs and Sr were detected and gamma spectrographic analysis of the people on the island in 1977 showed a sharp rise, an elevenfold5 increase i n 137Csthis finding it was suggested tothe TT that complete food subsidization of the Bikini people might help reduce the consumption of locally grown foods and thus reduce their exposure. This was carried out and also, as recommended, increased supplies of powdered milk were sent to the island to increase their dietary calcium and thus help reduce the absorption of "Sr. By April 1978 the body burdens of 137Cs showed a further increase of and toa much lesser extent, pandanus and breadfruit were available. It ,was apparent that in spite of the increased food subsidy the people were eating more locally grown foods. At the the of the 1978 survey, a water shortage had become acute and t h e people admitted having drunk coconut milk for this reason. They were admonished again to refrain from eating foods grown on Bikini and it was suggested that they get coconuts from Enue island on a regular basis for consumption. (It was not known at that time that the coconuts on Eneu had also been found t o have higher 137Cs levels than By this time coconuts had reached maturity and had become plentiful Table I (Miltenberger etal.) shows the increase i n mean levels of 137Cs and "Sr inthe Bikini people since 1974. Preliminary data on 90Sr i n the 1978 urine s indicate that levels of this isotope did not change markedly and did not parallel the increase inCs. This may be a favorable effect of the dietary calcium supplement. was noted (toa mean level of about 2 pci). appeared t o be small. Rough estimakes indicate that the whole body dose (internal plus external) a s measured i n 1978 would average near or slightly above 500 mrad/yr, which is at or slightly above the maximum permissible level. These findings prompted the TT t o remove the people from Bikini. This was accomplished i n September of 1978. disappointment tothe people and they still have hopes of returning to their atoll to live, even i f only t o Enue. A marked increase i n body burdens of 137Cs The additional dose from 90Sr Their forced exile is a bitter At the time of the Bikini survey i n April 1978, our entire medical team was present on Bikini for two days and w e offered t o carry out complete medical exailinations on a l l who so desired. About 140 people -- men, women, children and babies -- came aboard the ship for exams. Only three people living on the island were not examined. of children by a pediatrician, pelvic examinations i n women by a gynecologist, electrocardiographic study on people over 40 y r s of age, thyroid examinations and blood …