Operation Redwing a Preliminary Report of (Apache) (Deleted)

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Obaerved Weather at Shot Tine. .................. Thermal Flux and Albedo ~easure~ects Accurate Loaation of an ElectromagneticPulse Detemniriationof Charncteristicaof Airborne Flush

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off Teiteiripucchi Island, Eniuetok Atoll, at 0@6:O0.2 on July9$ 1956. It vae shot in a Re@lua nose-cone, since this offered the qost etringent maas discontinultles. It was felt that’such effecte, which mifht degrade field, DIZWXIQ first teated in Redvinp,should be included In the te6t. ~+

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Ohaerved Weather at Shot Time Fig. O-2 - Sclentlfic Stations and Zero Point

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EHXVROK 0’BWtVED WEATHERFOR 9 JULY 1956 APACHE SHOT TIME O&Y&f Sea bvel Preesure 1010.5 mbe Free lit Surface Temperature 80.30F Wet Bulb Temperature ?6. AOP Deu Point Temperature 7A.9°F Vlelbility Over 10 Miles couth and West. 2/10 stratocumulus;basee at 2,000 feet, tops estbted ~ WEATKER SUMMARY FROM AIRCFWPT 0610Mc Scattered cumulus buildups approtitely 50 miles to east topped at 20,000 to 25,000 feet. Scattered stratocumulus tops eatlmated. . at 8,000 to io,ooo feet. Very light 0615Mr 10 rcllesnorth and vest tm~ed at 27,000 feet, tope unknovn. 0620Mt To east end sotheaat of rain shower at Enivetok. GZ clea. of ground zero. Stratus overcast ground zero. 6/8 cumulus and stratooccaeional cumulus buildup to 2S,000 STATE OF SEA wave height 4 feet, period 7 eeconde, direction 070°. Wave height 1 foot.

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The objective of thle project ID to measure the blast, ~st, ad thermal efYect@ of A nuclear detonation on an in-flight B-47 alroraft. With the retarded data the criteria and method used In the E47 Weapon Delivery Handbok may be verified or corrected. In addition, the project will proviclebaBic research dati for the design criteria of l’utureUSAF Ro hundred seventy three data channels were available on this shot to record bending, shear, anfitormion In the vine and horizon~ stabilizer, thermal inputo to the aircraft, themally ln~uced strain, temperature meaaurtmenta, and overpreesure. Prior to shot participationV.C)% of the~e channeln were operatlrigeatiefactorily. There haa been no nevly acl+edinstment.ation since the laat partlclpatlon. The E!-L7was flying at an abeolute altitude of 30,000 feet,a speed of ?fachC.75, and on a heading of ?200 at both To and shock arrival. The aircraft van oriented tail to the ehot; at To the horlzontd range beyord ground zero vae 29,000 feet, and at chock arrival it vaa approximately Themd; Ae temperature ri6e waa measured in the 020 ~n, 24S7’ aluminum right aileron teat panels painted tith 0.8 absorptivitygray emperature rlee vae reoorded on the .025 in alumlnum right elevator palntd entirely block. Sllght blieterlng occurred in some ml! .

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The obJectlve of thie test was to detennfne the delive~ capability oscillograph channels which recotidymeanurements from strain-gagebridges, accelerometers,roll and pitch gyros, mdlometero, control poeftion tranationvcloud oovemge, and fireball rlae and grotih. The folloving chsirtahova the akpkme~a position at zero time and tire of shock arrlva.l!

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Jnotmmentatlon ?allures; Eleven oscillograph channels, -Id one N-? ca.mernfailed during the Apache) mission. 96.5% of the total

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The primary objective of thin teat ua overpresmre ard high Q field effacta of a weapon on a B-66B aircraft in low altitude flfght. follwing: 67 strain gacea at 5 etatlonn and 26 thermocouples at 7 etatlona 2 8tatlon8 on the R.H. uing; 25 strain gagm at 4 atationa and 12 thermocouples at 2 atationm on the L.H. horizontal atabilizer~ 9 atraln gagea ilizer; 3 e.traingages at 1 station and 9 thenzououplesat ? etationa on the L.H. llevator; 2 strain Eagea at 1 station and 6 thennocoupleaat 1 etatlon on the R.H, elevator; 56 thermocouplesat 11 etations on the fuselage; 17 acceler=etera on the fuselage, empenage, and nacelle; 13 calorfmet~rsand 1 radiometer together vith 6 oamerao in the tail~ 5 calorimetersmd 1 radiometer together uith 6 cameras in the fuselage belly; wing and tAll cieflvctloncameran; 32 baelo flight inatnnnente on a photo recorder panel; and ~ correlationchannels. AIRCRAFT POSITION IN SPACE Ueing the K-5 Radar ayetem, the B-66B van positioned at an altitude of 8,000 feet, on a headin~ of 080 degreee, and a horizontal range of

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. 2?,500 feet at time saro. At time of shock arriml, the horlsont.almnge e “8m- tith the alruraft on the same heading ad at the same Omrabllit,,: Of the 296 total cietareoodlng channels, 97? were The tail radome had been replaced wltb a standati production part, sent aa a spare and vas coated vith XP-104 Hypalon anti-eroalon compound. The only visual damage vas the bubbling of some of the -on on this

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The ob.loctiveof thiu test was to measure the effecte of a nuclear Out of 210 chnnels being recofied, 14 data channels vere lost for various reaeons cwd haYe been repaired or replaoad by spans. AIRCPAFT PCEITION TN SPACE The JP-57B van flying &t an abeolute altitude of 10,39O foct, on l T Aircraft poaltlon at time of nhock arrival D-ED

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detemine the capability of the F-8LF aircraft by subjectingit to both thermal and eymmetric blast loads. otuiy the dynamic reoponee of fighter structure to anti-symmetricblaot Walter - 100 data channels were available to recofi moment , shear, strain; and aircraft attitude. All of these channels vere successfully recoxded. However, a flap camera failed to operate properly. Ikwley - 100 data channels vere available to record essentially the eaxe infomrxitionae above. Out of these 100 cbannele, there was only one channel that failed. Walter - At time zero, the aircrdt vae flying at an altitude of ?1,61L ft on an inbound heading of 0700. The horizontal range vas lg,614 ftvith a left offset of 246 ft. The ohock arrival poaltlon t)m~ to the right. The true alr speed vas 800 fpo. Ekrley - At time zero, the aircraft vaa flying at an altitude of 35,(L9 ft on an inbound hendlng of 0600. The horizontal range and offset

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the alrcnft was at 36,026 ft altittdojl L)mx~ d 34,850 ft off sot to the right. The tme air apeedwu 800 fpe. Gust - Not available at this time.

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The objective of Project 5.6 38 to determine the responsee of an nuclear detonation. A correlation of the reeponeea, combine-lwith kriovn characterlaticaof my me~pon, till be used to define the mxlnnxm sdo delivery capability of’the aircraft. The aircrnft wag inetrumentadvtth radiometer, oalorimetereand l pressure transducer to measure the themal ad bleat inputs arx?with @train gages, thennocoupleeand various other Inetrumenta to meaau.rethe aircraft response to the inputs. For (Apache) shot, the aircraft vaa positioned to receive a high mloric input, 101 Cal/cmz, at a 10V angle of Inci?ence. At thi8 pmltion the alrcrdt vould theoretloally receive a4T of 3500F on the .020 inch skin covered hcmeycomb surfaces based on ponitloning yield and the on-time position. At this poeltion the aircrdt vould receive Lo%deslgn lhnit load on the stabilator. AITRAFT POSITION IN SPACE The aircraft was to fly at 15,000 feet absolute altittie a a inbm~ heading of 0400 at a ground speed of 950 fps. It -a pkn~ tht the aircraft vould be 19.100 feet beyond tzrounclzero at time zero with the later at a horizontal range @ Actual 8hot poeition wan 900 feet poaitlon at time beyond end 50 feet to the rirht of planned

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.0 @mKa; Tbe only damage to the aircraft vaa a Blight blistering to the black rain erosion coating on the radome sample, and a Bllrbt blfaterlng of the whfte,paint on the left otabilator plaatic tip. Jn8trumentation: There vaa no apparent damage to tha Instrumentation of’ the 50 oscillogmph recoded parmeters, 40 praluced usable data. TWO thexmocouple~produced unxwliable readinge. One ving deflection camera shutter was out of 8ynchronlsatlon and the film reeulting was blurred and unreadable. Themal Data: Temperatures were considerably less than pre3icted. Nuclear FM Iation: No Iwlication of nuclear mdiatlon vao recotied on the pilots film badge. General: The part!,~ipationwas again considered successN although ?iaappointingdue to the clieparltybetween the positioning yfeld and the actual yield eetktee. The contents of this pent shot report are preli.mlna~,tentative and approximate. They are subject to change pending further evaluation of the data collected, They vere reported at this time to provide early teat results to those ooncemed vith effects of nuclear veaponm.

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The objective of Project 5.7 participationor thlabot vaa to obtain thermal flux and albe+o information of a nuclear r?etonatlonvith ai.rbome Inntrumentatlonvithln the purviev of Project 5.7 vhloh van installed for meanurlng the direct and surface reflected thomal radiation. SiX oalorlmeterswere utilized to measure thermal radiation vhlah was backobtain photographic coverape of the fireball, the earthla surface, and of clouds beneath the alrcra?t, and aleo of any reflecting surface euah as a cloud vhlch could contribute to the back-acatterd radiation, Project 5.7 lnatrumentatlonon the B-52 included the tventy-one basic Inatrumentafor thermal radiation rneamreuienta,but only an ad41tional tvo inatrumentawere utllizti for back-aoattermeasurements. Eight GSD oameraa were installed for photographic oovemge. one lnatrumentaand elx camerae. one ~nstrumentsand tvelve camems. Neither tactical bomber (B-66, the B-57 conaleted of the baelc tventythe B-(6 conalnted of the beelc tventyB-57) vaa lnatrumented for meaauring

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poasoea~ various fields of vicv & vcro ouitably filtered to obtain .0 qunlltatlve spectral dietributlon lnfonnatloD. All channels ware raoedd EL7 which were recomled on magnetic tape, The cazeraB vere ~ulpped vith red and blue Tiltere to obbin Infomatlon at eaoh end of the v~eible region of the spectrum. Several oameras vere equipped vith apectronooplo ettichmen+n to obtain contlnuoue spectra in the visible region. Tvo of these spectrograph vere operated at the E.G8GParq photo tover. Information of the poei~ion in apace of each airornft la contained in the poet 8hot reports Of the follovfng projects: Them.al: The preliminary value of total themal input to the aircraft obtained by Projeot 5.7 instrumentationin Included in the post report of the appropriate proJect Indicated above. unexpectedly 10V on the beola of predlctti di~ot the-l Inputst and in coneequenoe, readable ai~ls were obtairied on only three of the 81x channela. The uncorrected valuee of these inpute is on the o~er of frcnn Phot.oprnphloDatA: A total of thirty-fivecameras vere operatedby Project 5,7 on thla event. Thirty-threeof these were airborne Ir four airora~t. Of these, three failed to operate properly. It le impossible to state at this time hov !mny of the remainznz thirty film may aubfiequently prove to be uneuitible for analynis ae the films have not been develop~. It Shzis believed that nearly all of thene cameraa obtained aatiefactoryreoonla.

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The objective of ttxlotoBt waa to nvestigate the A3D-1 aircraft capability for the delfve~ of nuclear weapons by the measurement and correlation of the In-flight effects of a nuclear detonation. Instrumentationof the A3D-1 sircraft consisted of 96 oscillograph recording channalBp one photo recorder, four GSAP camera6, and three dogimeters. The data recorded Included tem~eraturerise, thermal input, rato of thermal Tbe A3D-1 aficraft was flying at an absolute altitude of 26,000 feet, Of shock ~iV!d DELETED on a heading o? -Z Approximately 0.001 roentgena of radiation was received in the cockpit of the A3D-1 aircraft.

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To utllls.etho eloctromagnetio Elgnal orlginatln~ from nuclear weapon dotonatione to determine ground aero of detonation, Secondarily to obtain the yield data thet is lvailable in the bomb pulee. Location of ground zero la mado by we of en inverse Loran principle. The exact timo the bomb pulse 18 received at various atationn ia recordei; The exact ti~e difference in receipt of the electrorqmetlc pulse betveen tvo 8tatione will be uacd to detemlne a hyperbolic curve which runB thrgugh ~ound zrro. The point of interapctlon of tvo or more cur~es deterxr~nea ‘here are two eyatema. One of the syatema te knovn as the lone base line syete~ and the other tho short base line system. Each ayotem ha6 two sete of station9. The long base line has one set of stations located in station at Haiku, Maul, and the other set of stations in the States York) tith s~chronizing antenna atmtion at Cape Fear, North Carolina. The short base lines have one eet of etati~ns located in the Hawaiian area (Kona, Hawaii; Papa, liavaii~and Red Hillt Maul) tho other net In California (Pittsburgh All otationa in both the long and short baBe lines succeoafully rec~lv~d nnd recorded the veve form of the electromagneticpulse emanating from the bomb detonation. Line of poaltlon and fix errors till be reported in the

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TheP eotive of Projeot 6.3 vae ta obtain data on the effeota of nuclear lxplosion on the ionosphere. Principally,to :nvestlgate the area of absorption, probably due to the high altitude radioactive particles, and to study the effeot Of orientation re~tl~e tO the earth’a magnetic field on F2 layer afrecta. The syetem oomprised: Tvo Ionosphere recofiors, tne G2, operating on pulse trane- ? mleeion, lnatalled in 6 ton trailer fans, one looatd at Rongerl.kAtoll and one located at Kueaie in the Caroline Ielanda. One Ionosphere recoderj type C-3, opemtiw OD Moe t=ne- ~~g~on, lng.mld in a C-97 plane based at Eniwetok Ieland. C-2 Ionosphere recorder with a pover output of 10 KW peak pulme alternately transmitting and reoelrlng automatloally ovor the rang. of frequonoiea frran1 to 25 magauyolee, This aqulpent meneuma and reoofia at vertioal lnoldence the virtual height and oritioal frequenoleo of lonlaed reglone of the upper atmosphere, A 600 ohm multiple wire antenna designed and erected, no that the dlreotion ofmaxlnrum lntone~ty of ra.d~atlonwlll beat the ~~

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d.s.lrcd vertical angle over all of the operating frequenoy rangs f0 1 to 23 megauycleo. The tra~adttfr.g and reoeivlng antennas ard tho grourd plane vere in mutual perpendicndar pl=es ulth tbe plane of the tmnsrnittlngantenna oricntd 53 de~ea to the eaut of =gnetlc north. Same aa for Rongerlk and Kunaie, exoept that n C-3 ionosphere recorder vss used. Thfa recorder lo the same as the C-2, except for a few mdification8 and lmprovamenta. The transmitting antenna in the C-?? wan a eingle vim delta fa~tened to the lateral extremities of the tAil aasembly. Xuaale: Routine operation until H-15 mimtes; thence once per ~ minute until E + 22 minutee: thenoe twice per rlnute, altamating the receiving ad transmitting antennas at the end of each 15 second sweep, hours; thence routine, Rongerikl Routine until H-15 minutes, thence onoe per Rlnute untfl this test anflsore data were obtained. Recorded data for thle stition has not been available for revlev at the time of this vrltlng due U the planea return to Hickam AYB for maintenance. til stationo operati successfully for thie shot. Kuaaiez At H + 17 Flnutes a pronounced disturbmoe. sinllar to ttat I (Cherokee) and ‘ Zuni), vaa obaervad In the F regfon apparently moving tovamis Kunaie at about the hei~ht of the “-

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Rongarikl V- little effect w observd at Rongarik from thie shot. Rom about H + 30 until II+ 40 minutee elight interruptlonain the one hop and tvo hop traces ocourred. Theee lntemnrptionavere over different frequency rangee of not more * 1 UC in band v’, . C-97 Airborne Stationi Abeoqtlon on .(Apache) wae more severe than OD” (Cherokee) ad (Z~l), but the diaturbanoe to the ehape of the ionoaphcre layma ma mall in comparltson.The dist,wbance to the layers con91Bted chiefly of the traces looking ragged or rough, ln~tead of dleintegratlngand moving ltige tirtu.alhel~hts aa they did

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Charecteriatioo of Alrbome Flush Mounted Antennae and Photo ‘fubeafor Yield Mtexmination at ~nded To determine the effecttveneaaof flueh niountd airborne mtefinas ad phototubes at various ground-to+ir rangea in detecting …