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DIVISION OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE AEC PROGRAM I N HUMAN RADIOBIOLOGY The material presented here is intended to provide a brief summary of the scope of AEC ' s program i n human radio biology. For present purposes,studies i n human radio biology are defined as those in which the effects of ionizing radiations on human beings are sty died. experimental animals nor studies qf turnQver or body burdens of trace amounts of radio nuclides are included. Instrutpept development and dos ime try are in - cluded only to the extent that such work is directly applicable to the control of radiological hazards or is utilized in determination of human exposure or Thus, no basic supporting work i n Brief descriptions of major projects and estimated expenditures for Fiscal Year 1968 are provided. National Academy of Sciences The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission conducts continuing studies of the somatic and genetic effects of exposure to atomic bombs i n Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The overall program is designed on epidemiological principles. It precisely defines a population to which all studies are related and provides a series of stable investigative protocols intended to identify changes in health of this selected Japanese population of 100,000 persons. Of these,about one-half were exposed to radiation and 27,800 persons were within 2000 meters of the hypocenter. This latter group and three matched control groups are followed for mortality and cause of death. Death certificate information is augmented by extensive autopsy and surgical pathology programs. , There area number of small, well - defined projects carried on within the overall study intended to exatpine particular problems such a s : (1)the incidence of neo pl asia including leukemia; (2)a f6llow-up study of a group of young people who were exposed in utero ; (3)continued review of the sex ratios and the mortality in the F generation born of exposed parents ; (4) analyses of the karyotypes of exposed and non-exposed Japanese ; (5)a fo:llow-up of the progress of cataracts in certain exposed individuals ; and (6) documentation of the incidence of thyroid disease.
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2. Accidental and Theralpeutic (Whol.e-Body) Exposures a. Radio sensitivity in Man: Therapeutic and Accidental Total-Body Irradiation. Gould Andrews (Oak Ridge Associated Universities) b. Medical Studies of the People of the Marshall Islands Accidentally Considerable information on the radio sensitivity of man has been and contin u es to be obtained from accidental and therapeutic exposures. While the safety record oE the nuclear energy industry has been exceedingly good, some radiation accidents do occur and these are carefully studied both in regard to management of the patient and long term follow-up. The Marshallese who were accidentally exposed to fallout from a thermonuclear device in 1954 have been and are being followed - by periodic Patients who have received therapeutic whole body radiation also represent a major source of valuable information. a. Radium and Mesothorium Toxicity in Human Beings. R. D. Evans (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) c. Late Effects and Metabolism of the Bone-Seeking Radioelements. K, J. Has ter li k (Argonne Cancer Research Hospital) d. His to path o logic and Auto radio graphic Studies of Chronic Human Radium and Thorium Ost e it is.William Sharpe (N. J. College of Medicine and
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e.Distribution and Dos i metric Aspects of Radium Poisoning. Merril Eisenbud (New York University) f,His to logical Study of Oral Tissue Specimens of Radium Dial Painters. The principal objective of the AEC program on the toxicity of radio elements isan improved understanding of the metabolism and toxicity of radio nuclides i n man., Although the opportunity of studying man is limited, such information is obtained whenever possible, An extremely important source of information on the long-term toxic effects of bone-seeking radio nuclides has been the continuing studies of persons who were administered radium for therapy or who, as radium dial painters,ingested it prior to the mid-1920's. This work has provided a basis for relating animal studies of other radio nucl.ides to expected radio toxicity in man and has served as valuable information in establishing exposure limits. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Inthe development to date of atomic energy,there have been a small number of workers who have accumulated measurable body burdens of plutonium. Since breaks in procedure and accidents are perhaps inevitable in (the future,the number of workers so exposed is likely to increase. The body burdens are not considered to constitute a hazard but in the unlikely event untoward reactions are later seen it is considered prudent to maintain a register of all such persons So exposed to enable a rapid medical evaluation of this grqup atany time. b. Instrumentation and Control (1) Rapid Detection for Radon and Radon Daughters in Mine Air.
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(2) Monitor for Simultaneous Measurement of Radon and Radon (3)Personnel Dosimeter for Radon Daughters. (E berlin e Instruments State Un iv ' ers it y) (5) Assessment and Control of Radioactive Air Contaminants. (6) Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Personnel Exposure Meters. (7) Development and Testing of Ventilation and Protection Devices inthe Uranium Mining Industry. H. Schu lte (Los Alamos Research related to the radiation exposure of uranium miners which i s supported by the IX vision of Biology and Medicine is in general directed toward: (1) development of instruments which will increase the ability t o measure reliably the concentration of radon and radon daughters in mine air, and to(estimate much more accurately the total exposure of a miner as measured i n working level months; (2)characterization of mine air with special attention to the aerosol comprised o f radon daughters and other particulates ; and (3)epidemiological studies, 6. Other Human Studies (a 1Feasibility Study of the Correlation of Lifetime Health and Mortality Experience of AEC and AEC Contractor Employees with Occupational Radiation Exposure. Thomas F. Mancuso (School of Public Health,University of Pittsburgh)
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(b)Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Testicular Function of Man., (c)Irradiation Eft ect s on the Human Test - i s : His to logic Chromosomal and Hormonal Aspects. C. Alvin Paulsen,(bn ivers it y of Washington, Seattle, School of k edi cine1 (d) Somatic Chromosomal Aberrations and Human Radiations Hazards. (e) Chromosome Stu ' dies in Radium Patients and Other People Containing Internal Emitters. Hermann Lisco (New England Deaconess Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, Boston) (f)Cyto genetic Effects of Radiation Injury. Kong-oo Goh (Oak Ridge (g) Radiochemical and Radio ecological Studies on Brazilian Areas of High Natural Background. E. Penna Franca (Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,Brazil) (h)Extra corporeal Circulation Irradiation of the Blood of Man The AEC supports research on a wide variety of human radiation effects. These range from evaluation of the significance,if any, of very low levels of occupational exposure to cyto gen $ tic studies on blood cells of people exposed to relatively high doses.Effects of graded radiation doses to the testis of man are being evaluated, Not listed above are the many studies in which radioisotopes are utilized in the therapy of disease
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