Cover Sheet (History of the Activities of the Manhattan District Research Division, Oct. 15, 1945 - Dec. 31, 1946 Attached) (Redacted)

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The following hi r tory of Be seu oh Division'r activities oovers t h e period from i t 8 establishment on Ootobsr 15, 1945, until Deoember 31, 1946, den the Manhattnn Dist riot was transferred from the Army Corp Chapter I describes the evolution of the physioal organization, bebinning ri th the oonrolidation of separate wartime researoh oontrol offices and ssotions iz to the original Diviaion i n October, 1945, and conoluding with a review of the functionr of the Division's Exeoutive Office and its six operating 3ranche8. The next five chapters (11-VI, inal.) are concerned uith the conduct of Project rssearoh and development activities through the various a ot iv i ties involving administration of each contract, .baginning vith the Chicago Metrllurgical Laboratory, later Areonne National Laboratory. Chapter IT1is concerned witha ?istory Of the general administrative activities involved in the Division's supervision of research contracts. In other words, the Division's dealings u i t h each contractor are separately Ciscussed i n Chapter 11, and a brief review o f contraotor teohnical a ot i viti ee is presented, while Chapter 111 deals with the more general overall Division respon8ibilLties involved in administration of t h e o m - tracts, including their negotiation, approval of pro ems s nd budgets, review of personnel and organizational problems, and various other dtrtier

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established t o expedite and oontrol contractor research activities handling of spacial materiala, produotion and transfer of radiation d & eot ion.bs trm ents and the interohanse of scientifi o and teohnioal rhemrmizling eight ohapterr (VI1 - ZIV, inol.) are individual histories of fiojeot-aponsoted programs to. o on tro l and enoourage pace - the research i n fundamental and aDplied nuclear aoienoe. properly introduces the subjeot with a history of the a ot i viti ee of the Advisory Committee on Research and Der elope nt, whioh played a signal role during 1946 i n guiding Manhattan Project efforts in this respect. The next two chapters are concerned with research programs involving t h e District ' s unique technOlOgiOa1 prooesses and equipment. covers the pile-reaotor program, inoluding ohsmioal reparatian pWe88e8 for recovery of fission able, pile-product m te rials, and Chapter Ix discusses ohysical snd chenical isotope separation processes and the District prograa for construction o f high-enerm accelerators for nuclear Chapter Xis concerned with the program for assisting 0thelJ)ailitaq agencies i n atomic enerq research, particularly the Navy ship propulsion project and the U-mPA Pr or rm for propulsion of aircraft by atomio energy. Chapter XI Owers the establfshnent and operation of the District ' s pro gra, for nation-wide distribution of radioisotopes.

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prograa for establish a ent of national laborstories, the prograT for enoouraging training and eduoation of so ion tif ie and teohnioal pera-el in nuole- soienoe, and the teohnical aspects o f the Dist riot ' s relations d th off - Ro j ect agenoies and the publio a t large, To summarize the contents: 11 History of the Organizatton of the Reaeuch Division 11 : Research Contractor Activities SIX: Adminirtrotion of Researoh Cgntracts I V r Control of Speoial Material8 V: Control of Radiation Detection In str ment s Control of Interchange o f Information The Advisory Cormnittee on Research and Developent VIII: The Pile-Beactor Proqram Ix: Programs f o r High Energy Accelerator Construction and Program for As rir ting Other Yi lit vy Agenaies in Yualeu The Program for National Distribution of Radioisotopes Sstablishment of t h e national Laboratories XI11 : Training Education of Scientifi o Personnel XIV : Technical Aspects of the District ' s Relations with . 3ff-Project Agencies and the Publio A separate volume is devoted tothe History of the Declassification and.

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HISTORY OF THE RESZARCH DIVISION. I History of the Organization o f the ~ i vision : Phyrioal Coordination of mrthe Produotion and Berearoh 2 d stab li rh ent of the Division: Declarsifioation and Publioations Branoh 15 Isformat ion Branoh 16 I 11 Research Contractor A ot iv i ties :

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Spec if io Argonne Dsvelopentr of Intoreat Ertenrion of bare Ro je otto Chioago Specific Clinton Laboratorio6 Developents Icnra State Colleger Speoifio 1- State College Developents Pat tell e &moria1 Instituter The Madison Square Area 3esearch Program: be cut ion of Besearah- A88i8tanCe Contract 15

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National Bureau of Standards: Statua of Program in 1945 Clarification of lDbS Status: Approval of 1947 Program Projects under 1947 Program The hiver s it y of California: Speoific UCRL Developents General El act rio Co. Research a t Schenectady: Review of 1947 Program Re search Division Jurisdiction Review of Medical Zesesrch and Training Program 29 Medical Research Reports Control 31 I11 Administration of Researoh Contracts:

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Liaison with Contracts Section Standard Contracts f o r Research Assistance ?&ge Poi icy Cormittee

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LOS Alamos Crit io ali ty Experbents 8 Clinton Engineer Works Critical it y at Clinton kb oratories Disposal of Contaainated Wastes : Cm it tee on Disposal her all Poliay Study hn i to ring of Waste Sorap Accountability o f Zissionable Yaterials Fertile ate rials : Ake r 1of-Ye 11on Institute pro PO sal

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Berylliw and Seryllium Oxide Procurement and Production Neutron Absorbing Materials : Shutdown of Produotion Plants 30 Speoial Sources of Radiation: 33 Ban Produotion Faoilitier 33 Extraction of the Eaturally-Ooourrlng Polmiam Iso top 36 Research a t Other Sites 40 General Polioy Governing Hanford Engineer Works Irradiations , of Special Materials 41 Other Misoellansous Xaterisls f o r Special Research 45

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V Radiation Detection Instruments: 1Organization of t h e Instrument Production Seotion: Deolasaif l cation of Instruments 5 Patent Clearance and Licensing Expediting A-ocurenent and Other Services Adminiatration of Viotoreen Contract Manufacture of Instruments in Off-hours by Cross Roads Operation Reports Control Policy: Establishment of the I don nation Branoh Acquisition of Project Files and Records Standard Distribution Lists Indexing of Reports Coordination of District Report Distribution of LA Reports Distribution of Hanf'ord Title Lists

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Distribution of Reports toY il it ary and Civilian Government Agencies 13 Other Info mat ion Branch bot ivit ies : n Atornio Energy in Foreign Countries" # Guide t o Current Published Re8euch. Bibliographies and Translations 17 Library and Library Services 16 A his Or P Activities of the Teohnioal Braoh Relations with Information Branch 20 Deolas8ification and Publication Program 20 be pa ratio o of Special Reports 22 For District Offioe 22 For Contractor Pgrsonnel Project Illformation Meetingsr General Infomation Xeetings

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Divirion Reepon8ibilities Conoerning Researoh Clint on Laborat orie 8 The Advisory Committee on Research and Developent:VI1 Evolution of the Camnittee Policy for Universities and Private Laboratories The llational Laboratories Extent of Expenditures Other Items of Discussion Research Division Activities Re Advisory Comaittee on Researoh and Developent VI11 The Pile Reaotor Program Experimental Pile Program Status in 1945

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llajor Phases of the 1946 Program Advisory Committee Review. 6 Organization of the oak Ridge Program 6 Faotore Involved in the Pr0gr-r Moderators and Reflectors 10 The Clinton Laboratories Heteropmeous Pile Program 12 The Zinn Fast Xeutron Pile PFoposed General Pile Review Committee Rejected NBS Request for Piles 15 Chemical Separations Processes f o r Becovely of Redox Solvent Extraotion Process 16

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IX Prop a as for High Energy Accelerator Construction and Isotopes Separation Researoh High Energy Acoelerators I Review of American bi vere it y Program Isotopes Separation Researoh FkoJeots Gaseous Diffusion and Electro-nametic Processes Thermal Diffusion Roa ers Ionic Centrifuge Dew lope nt X Program f o r Assisting Other fdilitary Agencies in Nuclear Science District Liaison with the Navy1 Research Division Liaison The NEPA Program: Research Division Relation t o NEPA XI bogram for National Distribution of Radioisotopes : Organization of Isotopes Branch Inter in Advisory Cornittee

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Sub cm it tee on .4llocation and Distribution Subcormittee on Human ApplicatiOm 5 Determination of Prices 7 Wf io i al hou no ment8 Funotioning of the Program: 8 Tram port a t ion Rob 1ems 9 Isotope Distribution to Government dgenaiea Foreign Distribution of Isotopes :3 Project Distribution of Iso tops s 13 XI1 SstablishTent of t h e Xational Laboratories Status of Metallurgical Laboratory after hitla1b te rest of Neighboring Universities; Non-D i strict Spone ored Dirt riot Sponsored

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Establiahment of Advisory Committee on &gome 0 I Dirt riot AuthoriEation for New Laboratory 9 Eltablirhment of Counoil of Participating 10 hire rs it ie I Saleotion of Director Reparation of Plan of Organization I 2 . Argonne Research Program and Budget 1 2 Role of University of Chioago a8 Operating ConPermanent Site for Argonne : Negotiations with Cook County Forest Preserve 15 16Selection of a New Site bl ation of National Laboratories to Clinton hb Or8tOrh8 17 hit i ation of the Program 20 20I n it i a tory hiver s it iea Planning Committee Planning Comit tee Objectives Formation of the Corporation Choice of Form o f Organization Inoorporation o f Associated Universities Contract Xegotiations Prior to Incorporation Negotiation of Contract Subsequent t o

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Inspection of Possible Sites : Seleotion o f Camp Upton Seleotion of Direotor and Staff Proposed Research Activities Proposed West Coast Laboratory: XI11 Training and Education of So i ent if is Personnel: The Oak Ridge Institute of &clear Studies: Prelibinary Conference Sponsored by the University of Tennessee The Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies The Institute and the Oak Ridge Rograas for Graduate Study 6 6Establishment o f the Graduate Program Long-Range Objectives of the Institute o f District Approval o f Objectives Preparation of a Proposal

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Incorporation of the Institute Research Division Activities Clinton Laboratories Training Program: Organization of the Program Research Division Activities Classified Research f o r Ph. D. These Revim of Proposed University Program Requesting Research Research Division Policy XIV Technical Aspects of the District ' s Relations with Off - hject Liaison with District Public Relatioris Office Tiequests for blaterials, Services.a n l Information Review of Off -Fro j ect Scientific Suggestions ani Ores and Source b te rials Scientific Personnel and Zommittee Sonimtions

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iii story of theCr2r he tion End EstEblisb,ent of the ?.esezrcn Divisioa General. In contrast to most normal peace the academic and Fndustrial reseerch practice, "Anhatten District emergency wartime resezrch was entirely subordinated tothe prfmary objective of producing a tonic bombs. necessary that production requirements take priority over "academic", and -often fundamental, research considerations; above all, it was Fmperative that the District's separate,diversified and highly compartmentalized research and development 2rograns be closely supervised end integrated w i t h the major 2rocess development and production operetions, and that the ixixZary nil it arj objective be kept clee.rQ in mind et all tines. This 2olicy resulted in a relationship between Project researc3 end production Ect iv i ties uniquely dl ffe rent front he nord orgenizetional 2rocedures of scientific ul d enzineering indnstry. it h2s elffays been ex iona tic that for efficient s rd well-organixed operation, resehrcn activities must be c lee rly divcrced. fron production oper&ticns pr duct ion requLrenents introduced unusual considerat ions into District orgacization which made suck an errengenent impossible. lh the latter sphere, Obviously, security and energency It wzs far more important, from a short-term point o f view, that research be carefully geared to the ime diet e, rapidly s htft ing needs of a concurrect full - scale production progran, despite the inefficLency and duplication of effort inevitable from long-term operztion of such an organizational procedure.

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Xith w2rf3 end, of couse, the plc tc rac hazed, achieved its piz iq - zission, tLe District ' s new oj j ect ive wes ROW t o consolidate and reintegrate its orgenLzetion in terms of less immediate military considerttions -- t o put its house in order during the interim period until a civilian agency had taken over edministration of the huge project as a peacetime venture. Pbs ical Coordination of Production and Research. The Manhattan District's three major operations projects for fissionable materials uere directly under the ad n in is tr at ive supervision of Colonel (later Brig . Cen .) IC. D. Nichols, the District Engineer. The K-25 and Y-12 projects f o r U-235 production by +seous diffusion and electron ape tic separation of isotopes were respectivelj. supervised by unit chiefs, each of whom was responsible for both the croduction end reseErch o?erations comected with his pog rm. The Y-12 Unit Chief mint a in ed Area ERgineers etthe University of California and other centers of gaseous diff bsi on process research. Because of its greater magnitude, the Plutonium or Xe tall ur gic d ho j ect found it nec es sq - tose piret e control of reseerch mci po duct ion activities, although both operetions re;rorted directly to the District EngFneer. Word production was >laced under t h e Brea Engineer who reported clirectly t o Colonel Nichols' Office. The extensive reseerch md development program was under the District ' s X-1C Research Operations Office,. which maintained its sepssete Area Enzineers end OperLtions Offiders a t the various laboratories and pilot-plant facilities connected with the Project. Coordination of

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ed in a staff capacity t o the District Engineer. The Research Control Sectiun. In addition to this wartime organisatian for research and production control, the District &;beer also mint al ned an advisory technical staff comprising the Legal, Patents, Medical, and Researih Control Sections. The responsibilities of the last named body reret a. To advise the District Engineer on technical matters. b. To assist in t h e preparation and administration of research and To coordinate technical infornation, and maintain files of reports and other the District Cffice and its associated installations. technical data developed by, o r of h te rest to, The organizztion of the P-eserrch Coctrol Section reflected 2ese loan fron the : ! z tion d 3urezu of Stmderds. Recorcb Unit Subsect ion which filed, recorzed, d is tri bc ted,a2 ==Lrit&ined custody over District technical and scientific reports, and res eg ch and development contracts . The immediate responsibilities of the Research Control Section were largely of an auxiliary nat we, and act ud direct control of specific reseerch operations, as described above, wes an a j or obligation of the various operEtions progmas, secocd only In in2ortance t o 2roduction o f ;ie wes assisted by 2 Senior

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it was felt essential thet reseerch o2erations be divorced from routine production activities and be consolidated with h the frame of a conprehensive District research and development policy, emergency demand for all - out production, it was clear that the pee ce the advance of fundamentel and applied nuclear science would be in the hands of the research laboratories and their scientists and development eng beers, In order t o further their efforts, tke District's diversified research projects had first to be coordinated under a single agency prepared t o review overall Project programs fron a comprehensive perspective uncircumscribed by the the nec ess cy security which still conpartmentalized res esch operations atthe individual a ee laboratories. tr zns ferr hgs up rvis or y responsibility for research activities …