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theY ed ical Program of the ?&.nbtt.nDistriat. The hl r tory oovera the period fran the inaeption of the Wnhattan Dirtrict to 1 July and from thoro ladividurlr rho were as soo ir ted with the Uediarl Program during its organization and deralopwmt. The data VILI obtained rrem the Li le r-- of the Ke dia rl SeOtiOn,. - Tnaladed in the volume isa rerum0 o f dl roti vi tie a of the Yodiaal Seation exaept thore which oonaern Area I. The Mioil. Wograa Warren, Chief of the Medical See tion, will be dssorfbed in a so pur ts
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1-1, General. - The primary objsutive of the Uuhattan D istria t 1~ t o develops and opermte prooe8re8 uhfoh would d e posrible the utlliSatiOn of the traoaeadour energy availrb1e.frm the rp lit ting of uranium. ?tImerour unurual. medioal problsmr were tmaaurterd aa 8 result of t h o unlgue nature of theae operations. tly, u a result of the f8ot Ut the buia ahemiaab uere radiorativ8 ~mtarialroonoerning ~ hic hlittle or no t do it y data were available. There diff i ou lt iar developed, prlmsrical ?rogrra~wreto fa oil it a to the proereas of the Projaat by rrirguudlng the health of t h e enploper, not only frm the hsovdr iahermt iP the pedia r nature of the Mst rid ' s operations, but also Prom the usual Fndurtrfal medioal hararda and to provide the wual cli nio d md pub110 health ie rvi aer required for the ocrPmmtnitfes csatablirhsd at the pl& eff eat abrorbed uranium and plutonium acmpounds would hare on the humm body) rtUt effeot abrorbed productr of uranium (fIs8ioo produatr frOB the pile prooasr) and rdf o ao tire produat. produaed In tbe actual sxplo8iaP of the u r d - and Pgutonium baab would haro; and h a t hrurd8 Pa&t be enaotmtered from abaorptioa of other ahariualrr. developed f o r use by the
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dorignod to establish early a i g n r of toxia effeots from there choxdaals or from radiation, and to develop spa a if io m~aaurea*ah rould be umeA nnbwal o oro lh ry to the80 inoestigatioar, waa resouoh ful for treating mer-expaauree. be Industrial Eygiae. - Appropriate prog kS of indurtrial hyglane had t o be iastitutd in the p l a t 8 tmd laboratories worfdng rith a. Cliniaal and Publio S s d t h Programs. - In addition, at--- Oak Ridge and Sanford, the loo at loar seleated for the major Operationr, redid .ad dona faoilities ware either uaavailrblo or alroady ororloaded with patfenta. In uonsuqumoe, it m a nsaasrary to provide the faailitier and staff required to reader dequats war-tima medld md dvnW
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the ?resident may ruthoriss my department, 3r agcracy of the CflVsmzmxt areroislng functions i n conneation with the wax afljott to mtc t into aontractu and ~ ~ odi fi cation awithout regard t o previoua law8 pertafning urd and the laws part a in ing to linitatinr of profit rm at not be dol - divi dual s to design and 8UpOd89 the -mnstmctloa of addition rl War Departmaat faa ili ties Jmm, in his opinion, tho %is tint Cscilitler a m (4). %ecu?Avs Mar Yo. 9001, dated Dgcembsr 27,19U, rhlah delegated to th9 Tar 9epartmant nuthorlty to enter into oontraat8 (1). Recort of 17 June 1942 t o the Proridmat of the---- d e to detennine the advisability of ovrying on rhaa later b e a m tho yanhattaa Distriat Projeat, t h e oonsequmusr Lniofrad, and the rOSult* This tepoh prerrentr 'kho result8 of 8 Study Anuy Chief of Strff ' , th6 Secretary of Xu, the Vias Prriideut and the ?rerident o f the iJnited States. Ihe following reoommendatlona were made teg.rding those features whiah are nwa lus rif is d as Central Faoilitia8
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at the Clinton Engineer Warkrr “4) That aaito 3r sites be a cl not c dad aoquird i with proper oonsidaration for Tower rsquirenrenta and an inmediate atart be ntade on omatmotion of thi meoereary fanoing, housing utilities, and ather faoA memorandum dated 30 L’ooember 1941 from the Seoretarg of flat t o the nuder Ssaretary of Tar, whereby the Under Secretary i , ~delegated t h e porers proviously delegated t o the far Copartmeat by 3ec nti vc Order 30. 9001. by t h e Under 3earstary of Tar m p ~ e t s dMajor Mneral L. 3. Groves to enter fore o r hsrea.f%ar=de, in cameotion uith the ur ku aig ad to and oonfng taq of Tar, dated SO Deac.nbsr. 1941. This ‘llr8 =de affeatfvs w of 1 lo. 0001. - from &jot Canoral L. 8. Ororem t o t h o Mrtrillf !b&near,-- tho60 aontraotr uhioh %jar General Grover had be authorized t o makeIuvs detenninatioa of p ne trl poliay in the projeatt appointing a Yilitary ?aliay Cam it tee ta oonaider m d plan milltrry ylioy relating ,
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t o the projeot, auoh planning to aover production. strategtc and t a o t - ioal problems, and rasearch ard developntnt relating thereto; and rtaming OfPioer to awry out ~e polities that may Se determined. 1-5, lJr-,cnay. - The problem thcing the Uedical Section were in-_. tensffied by the iormedisto need h r + h a i r solution. men 'he median1 re= search program were starkad, t h e =laterfala t o bo studied wore alraady in xse at laaat ou s laboratory soale, and in some in8taUac8, a a plant tikmdae, thc Industrlal %dical %vision at it aha a pti on, wn8 cod routed dab soccarning + - air to xi olt y wore a hoe tno nd is tent. sitas at which it x88 naoassrry to provide nedicd and dental cam,staff8 'nsd t o ?,e arooured and ser vlc er instituted OP very short Eotioe, There :*IS not tize t o bxperinent Or shift 3ersonnel. Ye dic sl oerrices had t o be Inaugurated with the knarrlttdge that +he quality of profersionaf aaro =sa cxcellent nnd that its avrilabllity adeqxats. Sid la rly, throuG!'out tho courae of JEanhattan Di'striat operatiunr, Finally, in the aarity a t ths Froj ~ a t .wa8 a major faatur sffeotinq the Mstriat'r medid striated to t h e minimum rs7uired for intelligsnt conduct .*the lndiddunl operations, This fa& don swan ra a px mib ls for great d if ii u tal ty in Tntsrohange of info mati ou b str sm related projeutr was re- -3-m asdical reseatoh ta oontractors, great atwe m a required to detannine that t h e infomation reached only those individuals mrtitled t o receive itm The phy8iUlan6 ?ramred ror m e d i a d service at ark lildp
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were oommisslone+ in the A m y primarily .fn the intemsts o f saaurity, sime it was planned origlnallg for them to serve +he ?lants a8 well a8 the yeat of the oomunity. Arny medical a ff ice rs were seleoted also to insure that aapable individuals were irocured and kept sn t h e job. 1-7. Special Arranzemaata xith Other Agmafsa. - Certain spaai d-- arrbngeaenta had to be made to icaure the aooperatian of other a&aacies and dental roo ie tier at 30th Sanford and Oak Ridge were oansultad and . their rpp_rovrrl obtained on the type8 of mad icd and dantd 8OrViOO being prevmilise, rates of the uonmnmitlss. In addition, fee rohedules were d r n m up in oon.formity with th.0 offico and oertain local offioes of this a r ~ t r t i o nbe edvissd of the inrpott8ncs and urgency of t h e Mmhatt8a District aper8tlcru i n order that pmmmment of ~hys10i.p~and dantistr ,"ram oi all lr n prrotioe add be faoilitrtd, and that retention of pea in as a ent i aloi al irn roti vi ties of the D is trio to odd be inmred. Tho Proauroasnt and A~8ignmsntSemfom ~ 1 1fcux! to be moat auoperatlve a d helpful in tha problems with rttfch it lrir mnoerned. ( S e e App. 8 7 ) 0.State Board8 of Dental Sxsminefs. - It m u lntposaiblm to proaure a ruffioient number 3 1 dentist8 liaenred in Tsnnarrae .nd lloenser to Fa at loo dantlstry in both Tennessee and Ralhiagton fwd grmted only by examination a.d +here is no prcmlsian in &e l u r f o r tampot8z-y
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Dental F ~ iasr sin these state a, to work on the project until such time a6 they dould be spar& to take the armsination for Ifaonsure. Therefore, arrangements were mads with +he S t a t e Boards of w i t h %he State noarda of Hsdical 3xsminers in ‘Tennessee ind Xaahlngton required that civilian physiaians obtain lioeasee by examination o f raoiproaity with the least ?oasibla delay Ctar reporting for work. Eegotiationt were ooatinually mid on srith these or pi rations to aid in promarmcent of personnel to make available spsoial serri ces and